What do systematic reviews say?

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation changes adverse effects ‐ ES versus solifenacin succinate compared with drug therapy (very low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.6]
  1 study · 100 participants
  Very low

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy plus standard care (surgery, antibiotics, oral rinse) vs Standard care alone (surgery, antibiotics, oral rinse)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for treating bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Soy‐rich diet vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Five studies assessed adverse events. One did not report findings, but the others reported either no adverse events or minor adverse events that did not significantly differ between interventions.
  5 studies
  GRADE not reported

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Harms and adverse outcomes: Not reported (neither study reported on adverse effects).
  0 studies
  No studies found

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Harms and adverse outcomes (SoF): Not reported. Yost 2006 performed examinations of the oral soft tissue at the final visit but did not report the findings; Graziani 2017 and Smith 1988 did not measure adverse effects.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

PRP (platelet-rich plasma) in cellulose foam placed in extraction socket vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only

• Interventions for preventing osteoradionecrosis of the jaws in adults receiving head and neck radiotherapy 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks to 12 months
  This comparison was only made in 1 study: mean pain scores at 2 weeks, 2, 6, 9, and 12 months showed no 'significant' differences between the 2 groups (self-reported Likert scale 1 to 10; difference at 2 weeks P =…
  1 study · 44 participants
  Very low

Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo

Tricyclic antidepressants probably leads to higher number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.97 [1.33, 2.91]
  10 studies · 1641 participants
  Moderate

Brachytherapy vs brachytherapy plus radiotherapy

Brachytherapy showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ stricture compared with brachytherapy plus radiotherapy (high certainty).

• Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.43 [0.16, 12.85]
  2 studies · 277 participants
  High

Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Tricyclic antidepressants vs another medication

Tricyclic antidepressants showed no clear difference in adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) compared with another medication (low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.37 [0.39, 14.28]
  8 studies · 556 participants
  Low

Platelet‐rich plasma gel vs absorbent sterile cotton gauze

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Dressings and topical agents for the management of open wounds after surgical treatment for sacrococcygeal pilonidal… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

ELECTRIC ACUPUNCTURE CONVULSIVE THERAPY vs ECT

ELECTRIC ACUPUNCTURE CONVULSIVE THERAPY may leads to lower adverse effects: Spinal fracture (short‐term) compared with ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (low certainty).

• Acupuncture for schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.14, 0.81]
  1 study · 68 participants
  Low

Mycophenolate mofetil vs cyclosporin

Mycophenolate mofetil may leads to lower adverse effects: hypertrichosis compared with cyclosporin (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.23 [0.1, 0.5]
  3 studies · 140 participants
  Low

Alkylating agents vs cyclosporin

Alkylating agents may leads to lower adverse effects: hypertrichosis compared with cyclosporin (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.06 [0.01, 0.4]
  2 studies · 106 participants
  Low

Benzodiazepines (topical clonazepam) vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines (topical clonazepam) changes adverse effects: euphoric behaviour compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  short-term (up to 3 months) · topical clonazepam
  RR 3.00 [0.13, 70.16]
  1 study · 48 participants
  Very low

Pre‐hospital vs in‐hospital thrombolysis

Pre‐hospital showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ ventricular Fribrillation compared with in‐hospital thrombolysis (low certainty).

• Pre‐hospital versus in‐hospital thrombolysis for ST‐elevation myocardial infarction 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.73 [0.68, 10.86]
  2 studies · 178 participants
  Low

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors probably leads to higher psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.13 [1.79, 2.54]
  14 studies · 11168 participants
  Moderate

Any intervention to manage relapse: fixed options (labial braces, lingual braces, fixed lingual wire) or removable options (Hawley's retainer with spring elastomeric module, Bloore removable aligner, other Hawley's retainer modifications, Invisalign, Clearstep) vs no intervention or another intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing relapse of the lower front teeth after orthodontic treatment 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No RCTs met the inclusion criteria for this review. After deduplication, the electronic searching identified 527 publications; after reviewing the titles and abstracts, none focused on interventions to correct the…
  0 studies
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 29 participants
  Low