Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

78 questions · 103 findings · 34 reviews

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No studies found 24 · 23.3%GRADE not reported 33 · 32%Very low 15 · 14.6%Low 12 · 11.7%Moderate 17 · 16.5%High 2 · 1.9%

Low molecular weight heparin vs no prophylaxis

All adverse effects, including allergies at injection site, minor and major bleeding, others ( · adults undergoing KA

Low‐molecular‐weight heparin showed no clear difference in all adverse effects, including allergies at injection site, minor… compared with no prophylaxis (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing venous thromboembolism in adults undergoing knee arthroscopy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.85 [0.95, 3.59]
5 studies · 1978 participants
Moderate

Macrolides vs tetracycline

Quality of life Drug resistance/microbial sensitivity Serious adverse events Lung function Hospitalisations Adverse events/side effects Number of participants colonised with P aeruginosa · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Head‐to‐head oral prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Application of heat vs application of cold

Adverse events due to treatment Minor adverse events, reported in studies as: exacerbation in pain after treatment; burn as a result of hot‐water immersion, or transient erythema, or adverse effects due to application of ice · people stung accidentally by bluebottle jellyfish (Physalia) and box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome (Hawaiian box…

It is very uncertain whether application of heat changes adverse events due to treatment Minor adverse events, reported in… compared with application of cold (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.19]
2 studies · 142 participants
Very low

Vitrectomy vs scleral buckling

Adverse effects (cataract development, choroidal detachment, new/iatrogenic breaks, postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy, postoperative increase in intraocular pressure, development of cystoid macular oedema, macular pucker, strabismus) a... · people with simple rhegmatogenous retinal detachments

Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) may leads to higher adverse effects (cataract development, choroidal detachment,… compared with scleral buckling (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pars plana vitrectomy versus scleral buckling for repairing simple rhegmatogenous retinal detachments 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.71
1 participants
Low

Targeted mass media intervention vs no intervention

Adverse effects · adult, ethnic minority group: self‐described Americans of African heritage

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases in adult,… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content

Adverse effects · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African heritage

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases in adult,… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

Serious adverse effects · advanced gastric adenocarcinoma

1 finding from 1 review

Salvage systemic therapy for advanced gastric and oesophago‐gastric junction adenocarcinoma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 448 participants
High

Topical antifungal vs placebo/no treatment

Adverse effects: headache · chronic rhinosinusitis

It is very uncertain whether topical antifungal changes adverse effects ‐ headache compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.26 [0.6, 2.63]
Studies not reported
Very low

Topical antifungal vs placebo/no treatment

Adverse effects ‐ epistaxis · chronic rhinosinusitis

Topical antifungal showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ epistaxis compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.14, 6.63]
Studies not reported
Low

Inhaled tobramycin (TNS) (28 days) vs TNS (56 days)

Adverse effects of antibiotics · adults and children with cystic fibrosis and a positive microbiological isolate of P aeruginosa from a respiratory tract specimen

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Very low

Oral ciprofloxacin and inhaled colistin vs no treatment

Adverse effects of antibiotics · adults and children with cystic fibrosis and a positive microbiological isolate of P aeruginosa from a respiratory tract specimen

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 26 participants
Very low

Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell wall preparation) plus standard therapy vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell… showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with standard therapy alone; GRADE not reported.

9 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Moderate to severe chills (BCG-CWP, all grades)
RR 11.00 [0.67, 179.29]
1 study · 24 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Nausea/vomiting (rIL-2, grades >=3)
RR 3.40 [0.15, 77.34]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Stomatitis (rIL-2, all grades)
RR 1.47 [0.75, 2.90]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported

Show 6 more findings

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Leukopenia (rIL-2, all grades)
RR 0.57 [0.22, 1.50]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Increased temperature (BCG-CWP, all grades)
RR 0.67 [0.13, 3.30]
1 study · 24 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Leukopenia (rIL-2, grades >=3)
RR 0.38 [0.04, 3.26]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Nausea/vomiting (rIL-2, all grades)
RR 1.24 [0.90, 1.70]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Stomatitis (rIL-2, grades >=3)
RR 1.71 [0.33, 8.83]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (BCG-CWP, all grades)
RR 5.00 [0.27, 94.34]
1 study · 24 participants
GRADE not reported

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus… led to higher adverse effects compared with standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy); GRADE not reported.

9 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (lapatinib, all grades)
RR 2.02 [1.23, 3.32]
1 study · 67 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (gefitinib, all grades)
RR 1.04 [0.98, 1.11]
1 study · 226 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (lapatinib, all grades)
RR 15.53 [2.18, 110.55]
1 study · 67 participants
GRADE not reported

Show 6 more findings

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (erlotinib, all grades)
RR 6.57 [3.60, 12.00]
1 study · 191 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Mucositis (grades >=3)
RR 1.22 [0.96, 1.56]
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Mucositis (all grades)
RR 1.03 [0.94, 1.11]
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (gefitinib, all grades)
RR 1.03 [0.82, 1.28]
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (grades >=3, pooled)
RR 1.11 [0.83, 1.49]
3 studies · 484 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (grades >=3, pooled)
RR 1.25 [0.54, 2.88]
4 studies · 544 participants
GRADE not reported

EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

10 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Mucositis (all grades)
Mucositis all grades: not estimable due to high heterogeneity (P=0.0009; I2=86%) between subgroups (cetuximab; nimotuzumab) and within cetuximab (I2=93%); 1417 participants, 3 studies. Table 3, row 1.6 (Ang 2014;…
3 studies · 1417 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (cetuximab, all grades)
RR 6.56 [5.35, 8.03]
2 studies · 1311 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Xerostomia (grades >=3)
RR 1.36 [0.80, 2.31]
2 studies · 1311 participants
GRADE not reported

Show 7 more findings

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (nimotuzumab, grades >=3)
RR 0.20 [0.01, 4.05]
1 study · 92 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (nimotuzumab, all grades)
RR 1.06 [0.85, 1.31]
1 study · 92 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Dysphagia (all grades)
RR 0.97 [0.92, 1.03]
3 studies · 1403 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (cetuximab, grades >=3)
RR 17.72 [8.33, 37.73]
3 studies · 1403 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Dysphagia (grades >=3)
RR 0.93 [0.83, 1.04]
3 studies · 1403 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Mucositis (grades >=3)
RR 1.20 [0.96, 1.51]
4 studies · 1495 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Xerostomia (all grades)
RR 0.97 [0.91, 1.04]
3 studies · 1417 participants
GRADE not reported

Intravenous ceftazidime with tobramycin vs ciprofloxacin

Adverse effects of antibiotics · adults and children with cystic fibrosis and a positive microbiological isolate of P aeruginosa from a respiratory tract specimen

Intravenous ceftazidime with tobramycin probably leads to lower adverse effects of antibiotics: compared with oral ciprofloxacin (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97
1 study · 285 participants
Moderate

Systemic antifungal vs placebo/no treatment

Adverse effects ‐ hepatic toxicity · chronic rhinosinusitis

Systemic antifungal showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ hepatic toxicity compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.35 [0.14, 78.6]
Studies not reported
Low

Topical antifungal vs placebo/no treatment

Other adverse effects: local irritation · chronic rhinosinusitis

Topical antifungal showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ local irritation compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.29 [0.61, 8.62]
Studies not reported
Low

Systemic antifungal vs placebo/no treatment

Allergic adverse events · chronic rhinosinusitis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral ciprofloxacin and inhaled colistin vs inhaled tobramycin

Adverse effects of antibiotics: severe cough · adults and children with cystic fibrosis and a positive microbiological isolate of P aeruginosa from a respiratory tract specimen

It is very uncertain whether oral ciprofloxacin and inhaled colistin changes adverse effects of antibiotics: severe cough compared with inhaled tobramycin (TNS) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.32 [0.01, 8.24]
1 study · 58 participants
Very low

Systemic antifungal vs placebo/no treatment

Gastrointestinal adverse events · chronic rhinosinusitis

Systemic antifungal showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ gastrointestinal disturbances compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.37 [0.04, 3.36]
Studies not reported
Low