Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

584 questions · 590 findings · 240 reviews

No studies found 106 · 18%GRADE not reported 94 · 15.9%Very low 137 · 23.2%Low 134 · 22.7%Moderate 98 · 16.6%High 21 · 3.6%

Guselkumab vs placebo

Proportion of participants with adverse effects serious or severe enough to have caused withdrawal ‐ not reported · chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Guselkumab showed no clear difference in proportion of participants with adverse effects serious or severe… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Secukinumab vs placebo

Proportion of participants with adverse effects serious or severe enough to have caused withdrawal ‐ not reported · chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Secukinumab probably leads to higher proportion of participants with adverse effects serious or severe… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Light vibrational forces (LVF) vs Conventional orthodontic appliance treatment

Harms: non-serious adverse effects (headache, discomfort, loosening of temporary anchorage devices) · Adolescents and adults with malocclusion undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed or removable appliances

Light vibrational forces (LVF) showed no clear difference in harms: non-serious adverse effects (headache, discomfort, loosening… compared with conventional orthodontic appliance treatment (placebo or no adjunct); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Memantine vs placebo

Adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment · Children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD

Memantine showed no clear difference in adverse effects Assessed by the study authors as those that were… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL

Adverse effects: one or more adverse events during 24 hours (only reported if occurred in ≥ 5% of people) · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)

It is very uncertain whether ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) changes adverse effects: one or more adverse events during 24 hours (only… compared with PLACEBO/NIL (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Xylitol lozenges (5 g/day) vs placebo control

Adverse effects (sores in the mouth, cramps, bloating, constipation, flatulence, loose stool or diarrhoea) · adults
1 finding from 1 review

Topiramate vs placebo

Adverse effects ‐ difficulty with concentration/concentration impaired/concentration‐attention difficulties · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Topiramate probably leads to higher adverse effects ‐ difficulty with concentration/concentration… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Adverse effects/events ‐ extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ medium term Number of instances of extrapyramidal symptoms · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines changes adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ medium termNumber… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antihistamines vs placebo

Adverse effects: 1. Sedation · patients with motion sickness

Antihistamines may leads to higher adverse effects: sedation Assessed by: adverse effect questionnaire… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Thyroxine vs placebo or no treatment

Adverse events including maternal pregnancy complications, foetal complications and adverse effects of thyroxine · subfertile women with euthyroid autoimmune thyroid disease or subclinical hypothyroidism

Thyroxine led to lower adverse events including maternal pregnancy complications, foetal… compared with placebo or no treatment; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Alitretinoin vs placebo

Proportion of participants with adverse effects serious or severe enough to have caused withdrawal ‐ not reported · chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Etanercept vs placebo

Proportion of participants with adverse effects serious or severe enough to have caused withdrawal ‐ not reported · chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Ustekinumab vs placebo

Proportion of participants with adverse effects serious or severe enough to have caused withdrawal ‐ not reported · chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

PIMOZIDE vs placebo

Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects Parkinsonism (rigidity) short term (< 3 months) Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses

It is very uncertain whether PIMOZIDE changes adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects: Parkinsonism… compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

PIMOZIDE vs placebo

Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects:Parkinsonism (tremor) medium term (3‐12 months) Clinical diagnoses · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses

It is very uncertain whether PIMOZIDE changes adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects:Parkinsonism… compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review