Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

584 questions · 590 findings · 240 reviews

No studies found 106 · 18%GRADE not reported 94 · 15.9%Very low 137 · 23.2%Low 134 · 22.7%Moderate 98 · 16.6%High 21 · 3.6%

Lamotrigine vs placebo

Any reported adverse effects 6‐12 months after initiating the intervention (long term) · bipolar disorder

Lamotrigine showed no clear difference in any reported adverse effects 6‐12 months after initiating the… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Sulthiame add‐on vs placebo

Number experiencing adverse effects · patients between 3 to 15 months of age with West syndrome

It is very uncertain whether sulthiame add‐on changes adverse effects: total number of participants experiencing one or… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical foscarnet vs placebo

Adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention (leading to discontinuation) · participants with recurrent herpes labialis

Topical foscarnet showed no clear difference in adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention (leading… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adjunctive antioxidants for schizophrenia vs placebo

Adverse effects: 1. Serious (any time point) ‐ any serious adverse effect Various methods · patients with schizophrenia

Adjunctive antioxidants for schizophrenia showed no clear difference in adverse effects: 1. Serious (any time point) ‐ any serious adverse… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Desloratadine 5 to 20 mg vs placebo

Adverse effects requiring withdrawal/discontinuation of study medication · patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria

Desloratadine 5 to 20 mg showed no clear difference in adverse effects leading to withdrawal: intermediate‐term duration of… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral aciclovir (short‐term) vs placebo

Adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention ‐ aciclovir 800 mg twice daily · participants with recurrent herpes labialis

Oral aciclovir (short‐term) showed no clear difference in adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention ‐… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral aciclovir (short‐term) vs placebo

Adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention ‐ aciclovir 400 mg twice daily · participants with recurrent herpes labialis

Oral aciclovir (short‐term) showed no clear difference in adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention ‐… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies

Adverse effects: specific ‐ doctors' assessment of adverse effects UKU (events) Medium‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis

It is very uncertain whether group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy… changes adverse effects: specific ‐ doctors' assessment of adverse effects… compared with cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Itraconazole (200 mg for 6 to 8 weeks) vs placebo

Adverse effects Mild abdominal pain and nausea Adverse effects Mild abnormal liver function · patients with Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis

It is very uncertain whether itraconazole (200 mg for 6 to 8 weeks) changes adverse effects Mild abdominal pain and nausea Adverse effects Mild… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interferon vs placebo

Adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention (fever) ‐ pre‐ and postsurgical · participants with recurrent herpes labialis

Interferon showed no clear difference in adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention (fever)… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes leaving the study early due to adverse effects (overall tolerability… compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs placebo compared

Adverse effects of antibiotics · children, aged 2 to 59 months, with WHO‐defined non‐severe pneumonia and wheeze

Antibiotic therapy showed no clear difference in treatment harms (adverse events or side effects associated with… compared with placebo compared to placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes adverse events: all ‐ gastrointestinal effects (e.g. constipation,… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ciprofloxacin vs placebo added to cycled and culture‐based inhaled tobramycin (TNS) therapy

Adverse effects of antibiotics: proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse event · adults and children with cystic fibrosis and a positive microbiological isolate of P aeruginosa from a respiratory tract specimen

Ciprofloxacin showed no clear difference in adverse effects of antibiotics: proportion of participants with one… compared with placebo added to cycled and culture‐based inhaled tobramycin (TNS)… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin C vs placebo

Adverse effects (urticaria) Defined as participants reporting urticaria (hives) Dose: 2 g per day · school‐aged children (6 to 15 years) and marine corps recruits (mean age 18.5 years)

It is very uncertain whether vitamin C changes adverse effects (urticaria) Defined as participants reporting… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzoyl peroxide vs placebo or no treatment

Adverse effects (side effects; treatment withdrawals) · participants with acne

Benzoyl peroxide may leads to higher withdrawal due to adverse effects (long‐term data) Treatment… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review