Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

488 questions · 501 findings · 191 reviews

No studies found 126 · 25.1%GRADE not reported 124 · 24.8%Very low 104 · 20.8%Low 89 · 17.8%Moderate 49 · 9.8%High 9 · 1.8%

Acupuncture vs prophylactic drugs

Adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) · people with episodic migraine

Acupuncture probably leads to lower number of participants dropping out due to adverse effects compared with prophylactic drugs (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs sham

Adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) · people with episodic migraine

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in number of participants dropping out due to adverse effects compared with sham interventions (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Laxative plus bulking agent vs laxative alone

Adverse effects on women: faecal incontinence during first 10 postpartum days · postpartum women who underwent surgical repair of third degree perineal tears

It is very uncertain whether laxative plus bulking agent changes adverse effects on women: faecal incontinence during first 10… compared with laxative alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Number of participants who experienced any adverse effects related to antibiotics · Women undergoing excision of the cervical transformation zone for cervical neoplasia

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes number of participants who experienced any adverse effects related… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low molecular weight heparin vs no prophylaxis

All adverse effects, including allergies at injection site, minor and major bleeding, others ( · adults undergoing KA

Low‐molecular‐weight heparin showed no clear difference in all adverse effects, including allergies at injection site, minor… compared with no prophylaxis (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin C vs placebo

Adverse effects (urticaria) Defined as participants reporting urticaria (hives) Dose: 2 g per day · school‐aged children (6 to 15 years) and marine corps recruits (mean age 18.5 years)

It is very uncertain whether vitamin C changes adverse effects (urticaria) Defined as participants reporting… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Xylitol lozenges (5 g/day) vs placebo control

Adverse effects (sores in the mouth, cramps, bloating, constipation, flatulence, loose stool or diarrhoea) · adults
1 finding from 1 review