What do systematic reviews say?

Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Harms and adverse outcomes (SoF): Neither study reported any information about adverse events. Jared 2005 assessed adverse events (participants issued a symptom diary) but did not report the findings; Graziani 2017 did…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported
• Interdental brushing for the prevention and control of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Not estimable. Only 1 study reported adverse outcomes in terms of problems with the use of the assigned interdental cleaning aids. (See comment) In this comparison the single study (Jared 2005) asked participants to…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Five studies reported there were no adverse events. Two studies reported on problems with the use of interdental brushes or floss, which sometimes caused soreness. (Six studies reported on adverse events; none…
  6 studies
  GRADE not reported
• Interdental brushing for the prevention and control of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Not estimable. 2 studies reported adverse outcomes in terms of problems with the use of the assigned interdental cleaning aids. We were unable to pool data. (See comment) Three further studies reported that no adverse…
  5 studies
  GRADE not reported

Suction curettage under hysteroscopy vs under ultrasonography

It is very uncertain whether suction curettage under hysteroscopy changes adverse effects after UAE compared with under ultrasonography (very low certainty).

• Interventions for non‐tubal ectopic pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.09 [0.12, 78.7]
  1 study · 66 participants
  Very low

Laxative plus bulking agent vs laxative alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Five studies assessed adverse events. One did not report findings, but the others reported either no adverse events or minor adverse events that did not significantly differ between interventions.
  5 studies
  GRADE not reported

Flossing plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects were assessed and reported in seven studies. Three reported no adverse events on the oral hard or soft tissues. Four reported sporadic adverse events with mild severity, with no evidence of a difference…
  7 studies
  GRADE not reported

Oral irrigation plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Three studies reported that there were no adverse events, one reported one incidence of aphthous ulcer in irrigator group, one reported oral lacerations but found no difference between the interventions, and one did…
  5 studies
  GRADE not reported

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Harms and adverse outcomes: Not reported (neither study reported on adverse effects).
  0 studies
  No studies found

Wooden cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Harms and adverse outcomes: Not reported (neither study reported on adverse effects).
  0 studies
  No studies found

Wooden cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Harms and adverse outcomes: Not reported (neither study reported on adverse effects).
  0 studies
  No studies found

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Harms and adverse outcomes (SoF): Not reported. Yost 2006 performed examinations of the oral soft tissue at the final visit but did not report the findings; Graziani 2017 and Smith 1988 did not measure adverse effects.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Oral irrigation plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Both studies reported that there were no adverse events in either study group.
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Antibiotics vs no antibiotics

• Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Antibiotics vs no antibiotics

• Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added)

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other… may leads to higher any adverse effects (hookworm infection risk) compared with unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) (low certainty).

• Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.78 [1.18, 2.7]
  1 study · 785 participants
  Low

Levamisole vs cyclophosphamide

Levamisole showed no clear difference in adverse effects: infection compared with cyclophosphamide (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.67, 1.75]
  1 study · 40 participants
  Low

Cyclophosphamide vs chlorambucil

It is very uncertain whether cyclophosphamide changes adverse effects: hair loss compared with chlorambucil (very low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 8.33 [0.47, 147.07]
  1 study · 50 participants
  Very low

EMLA vs placebo

EMLA may leads to higher adverse effects (short‐lasting skin reactions) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Topical anaesthesia for needle‐related pain in newborn infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.65 [1.24, 2.19]
  3 studies · 272 participants
  Low

Amethocaine vs placebo

• Topical anaesthesia for needle‐related pain in newborn infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 181 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in adverse events/side effects compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.01 [0.84, 1.21]
  20 studies · 3780 participants
  High