What do systematic reviews say?

Oral nutritional supplements vs usual care or control

• Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 373 participants
  GRADE not reported

Powered air‐purifying respirators vs no respiratory protection

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Personal protective equipment for preventing asbestos exposure in workers 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Full‐face filtering masks vs no respiratory protection

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Personal protective equipment for preventing asbestos exposure in workers 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Supplied air respirators vs no respiratory protection

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Personal protective equipment for preventing asbestos exposure in workers 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs placebo or no treatment

• Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 to 30 months · Adults
  1 study reported no adverse effects. 1 study reported a white discolouration of the gingiva adjacent to surfaces treated with SDF (116 surfaces) as well as redness (4 surfaces), and mild ulceration (2 surfaces). In…
  2 studies · 316 participants
  Very low
• Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes

  48 hours to 30 months · Children
  1 study reported 3 adverse effects in the first 48 hours. Of these, 1 effect in SDF group was possibly related to treatment (spot on corner of lip that looked like a burn), and 2 effects in placebo group were possibly…
  3 studies · 983 participants
  Very low

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Fluoride varnish

• Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes

  24 hours to 30 months · Children
  In 1 study, black or brown staining on treated lesions was more common after SDF (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.95 to 5.23), with no other adverse effects. 1 study reported complaints of a transient bitter taste with SDF use (with…
  3 studies · 980 participants
  Very low

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Chlorhexidine varnish

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No studies reported data for this outcome in this comparison
  0 studies
  No studies found

SDF (given at a particular frequency, concentration, or duration) vs SDF (given at a different frequency, concentration, or duration)

• Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes

  24 to 30 months · Children
  1 study (203 children) reported that black or brown staining on treated lesions was commonly found in both groups, with little or no difference according to whether SDF treatment was given in 3 applications at…
  3 studies · 1121 participants
  Very low

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron plus other micronutrients vs condiments/seasonings fortified with other micronutrients except iron

• Fortification of condiments and seasonings with iron for preventing anaemia and improving health 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron vs unfortified condiments/seasonings

• Fortification of condiments and seasonings with iron for preventing anaemia and improving health 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Anticholinergic burden reduction interventions vs usual care

• Anticholinergic deprescribing interventions for reducing risk of cognitive decline or dementia in older adults with… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings ‐ initiation of penicillin prophylaxis vs placebo

• Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 457 participants
  Low

Sharp‐edged intraocular lens (IOL) vs round‐edged IOL

It is very uncertain whether sharp‐edged intraocular lens (IOL) changes adverse effects compared with round‐edged IOL (very low certainty).

• Intraocular lens optic edge design for the prevention of posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Vitamin C vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Vitamin C supplementation for prevention and treatment of pneumonia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Non‐pharmacological measures implemented in the setting of long‐term care facilities to prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 infections… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (any regimen; topical therapy excluded) administered before and/or after tooth extraction vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (any regimen; topical therapy… changes adverse effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes

  1st to 7th day
  RR 1.46 [0.81, 2.64]
  8 studies · 1277 participants
  Very low

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: information from 2 studies; one stated there were none, the other reported mild reversible irritation of the oral mucosa; very low certainty. There was a lack of evidence about adverse effects.
  2 studies
  Very low

Any prophylaxis vs no prophylaxis

It is very uncertain whether any prophylaxis changes adverse effects compared with no prophylaxis (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing ophthalmia neonatorum 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.93
  1993 participants
  Very low

Biotene OralBalance vs control

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects (Stefanescu 2013): no significant difference between groups with respect to adverse events in buccal mucosa.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics), as part of oral hygiene care vs No toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics)

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: information from two studies, which stated that there were none; very low certainty. There is a lack of evidence about adverse effects.
  2 studies
  Very low