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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

76 questions · 76 findings · 9 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 4 · 5.3%GRADE not reported 6 · 7.9%Very low 17 · 22.4%Low 27 · 35.5%Moderate 13 · 17.1%High 9 · 11.8%

Vitamin E + vitamin C vs placebo

Any adverse effects of vitamin supplementation sufficient to stop supplementation · pregnant women

Vitamin C and vitamin E showed no clear difference in any adverse effects of vitamin supplementation sufficient to stop… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Stillbirth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in stillbirth compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm birth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in clinical pre‐eclampsia (random‐effects model) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Intrauterine growth restriction · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in intrauterine growth restriction (various definitions) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in prelabour rupture of fetal membranes ‐ preterm compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Bleeding episodes (placental abruption) · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation leads to lower bleeding episodes (placental abruption) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin B12 supplementation vs no supplementation or placebo

Maternal vitamin B12 deficiency · pregnant women

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin B12 supplementation changes maternal vitamin B12 deficiency compared with placebo/no vitamin B12 supplementation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multivitamin plus iron plus folate vs iron plus folate

Total fetal loss (including miscarriages or combined miscarriages and stillbirths) · pregnant women

Multivitamin plus iron plus folate showed no clear difference in total fetal loss (including miscarriages or combined miscarriages… compared with iron plus folate (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review