Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

134 questions · 143 findings · 12 reviews

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No studies found 17 · 11.9%GRADE not reported 58 · 40.6%Very low 17 · 11.9%Low 26 · 18.2%Moderate 14 · 9.8%High 11 · 7.7%

Vitamin A vs placebo or usual care

Vitamin A deficiency · children aged between 6 months and 5 years

Vitamin A supplementation probably leads to lower vitamin A deficiency compared with placebo or usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.71 [0.65, 0.78]
4 studies · 2262 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D vs placebo or control

Maternal vitamin D concentration at term (25‐hydroxyvitamin D) (nmol/L) (ALL) · pregnant women

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Maternal vitamin D concentrations at term: WMD 47.08 (95% CI 23.76 to 70.39), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Probable.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
WMD 47.08 [23.76, 70.39]
4 studies
GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin B12 supplementation vs no supplementation or placebo

Maternal vitamin B12 deficiency · pregnant women

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin B12 supplementation changes maternal vitamin B12 deficiency compared with placebo/no vitamin B12 supplementation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and child health outcomes 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.28, 0.51]
2 studies · 272 participants
Very low

Neonatal vitamin A supplementation vs control

Vitamin A deficiency · mortality and morbidity in term neonates

Neonatal vitamin A supplementation showed no clear difference in vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol < 0.70 micromol/L) at 6 weeks of… compared with control (high certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and middle… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.75, 1.19]
1 study · 612 participants
High
Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and middle… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.64, 1.62]
1 study · 369 participants
High

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Stillbirth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in stillbirth compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.88, 1.56]
9 studies · 19023 participants
Moderate

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm birth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.88, 1.09]
11 studies · 20565 participants
High

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in clinical pre‐eclampsia (random‐effects model) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.79, 1.06]
14 studies · 20878 participants
Moderate

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Intrauterine growth restriction · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in intrauterine growth restriction (various definitions) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.91, 1.06]
11 studies · 20202 participants
High

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in prelabour rupture of fetal membranes ‐ preterm compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.27 [0.93, 1.75]
5 studies · 1999 participants
Low

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Bleeding episodes (placental abruption) · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation leads to lower bleeding episodes (placental abruption) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.64 [0.44, 0.93]
7 studies · 14922 participants
High

Vitamin A vs placebo or usual care

All‐cause mortality · children aged between 6 months and 5 years

Vitamin A supplementation leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or usual care (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.83, 0.93]
19 studies · 1202382 participants
High

Vitamin A vs placebo or usual care

Vomiting · children aged between 6 months and 5 years

Vitamin A supplementation probably leads to higher vomiting compared with placebo or usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.97 [1.44, 2.69]
4 studies · 10541 participants
Moderate

Vitamin A vs placebo or usual care

Mortality due to diarrhoea · children aged between 6 months and 5 years

Vitamin A supplementation leads to lower mortality due to diarrhoea compared with placebo or usual care (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.79, 0.98]
9 studies · 1098538 participants
High

Vitamin A vs placebo or usual care

Mortality due to measles · children aged between 6 months and 5 years

Vitamin A supplementation showed no clear difference in mortality due to measles compared with placebo or usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.69, 1.11]
6 studies · 1088261 participants
Low

Vitamin A vs placebo or usual care

Mortality due to LRTI · children aged between 6 months and 5 years

Vitamin A supplementation showed no clear difference in mortality due to LRTI compared with placebo or usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.86, 1.12]
9 studies · 1098538 participants
Low

Vitamin A vs placebo or usual care

Diarrhoea incidence Mean episodes per child per year · children aged between 6 months and 5 years

Vitamin A supplementation may leads to lower diarrhoea incidence Mean episodes per child per year compared with placebo or usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.82, 0.87]
15 studies · 77946 participants
Low

Vitamin A vs placebo or usual care

Measles incidence Mean episodes of measles per child per year · children aged between 6 months and 5 years

Vitamin A supplementation probably leads to lower measles incidence Mean episodes of measles per child per year compared with placebo or usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.37, 0.67]
6 studies · 19566 participants
Moderate

Vitamin A vs placebo or usual care

Incidence of LRTI · children aged between 6 months and 5 years

Vitamin A supplementation showed no clear difference in LRTI incidence Mean episodes per child per year compared with placebo or usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.99 [0.92, 1.06]
11 studies · 27540 participants
Low

Vitamin A vs placebo or usual care

Bitot's spots incidence · children aged between 6 months and 5 years

Vitamin A supplementation probably leads to lower bitot's spots incidence compared with placebo or usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.42 [0.33, 0.53]
5 studies · 1063278 participants
Moderate

Vitamin A vs placebo or usual care

Night blindness incidence · children aged between 6 months and 5 years

Vitamin A supplementation probably leads to lower night blindness incidence compared with placebo or usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.32 [0.21, 0.5]
2 studies · 22972 participants
Moderate