Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

28 questions · 28 findings · 3 reviews

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No studies found 8 · 28.6%GRADE not reported 2 · 7.1%Very low 5 · 17.9%Low 5 · 17.9%Moderate 3 · 10.7%High 5 · 17.9%

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Adverse events: renal calculi · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Vitamin D plus calcium showed no clear difference in adverse events: renal calculi compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.49 [0.7, 3.17]
2 studies · 2931 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Incidence: all cancers · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Vitamin D plus calcium showed no clear difference in incidence: all cancers compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.48, 1.11]
3 studies · 37061 participants
Low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Mortality: all cancers · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Vitamin D plus calcium showed no clear difference in mortality: all cancers compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.78, 1.05]
1 study · 34670 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Mortality: all causes · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo or control

Hip Fracture · post‐menopausal women and older people at risk of osteoporotic fractures

Vitamin D [D2, D3 or 25(OH)D] plus calcium leads to lower persons sustaining new hip fracture (1 year estimate) compared with control or placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.84 [0.74, 0.96]
9 studies · 49853 participants
High

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo or control

Persons sustaining new non‐vertebral fracture (1 year estimate) · post‐menopausal women and older people at risk of osteoporotic fractures

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
0.86 [0.78, 0.96]
8 studies · 10380 participants
High

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo or control

Fractures: vertebral or deformity · post‐menopausal women and older people at risk of osteoporotic fractures

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
0.89 [0.74, 1.09]
4 studies · 42185 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo or control

New fractures · post‐menopausal women and older people at risk of osteoporotic fractures

Vitamin D [D2, D3 or 25(OH)D] plus calcium leads to lower persons sustaining any new fracture (1 year estimate) compared with control or placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.9, 0.99]
10 studies · 49976 participants
High