Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

34 questions · 34 findings · 4 reviews · Acute Respiratory Infections

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No studies found 7 · 20.6%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 5 · 14.7%Low 11 · 32.4%Moderate 9 · 26.5%High 2 · 5.9%

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Influenza · people aged over 65 years

Influenza vaccine may leads to lower influenza compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.42 [0.27, 0.66]
3 studies · 2217 participants
Low

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Influenza‐like illness · people aged over 65 years

Influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza‐like illness compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.59 [0.47, 0.73]
4 studies · 6894 participants
Moderate

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation · healthy adults

Inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation Timing of assessment:… compared with placebo or 'do nothing' (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.41 [0.36, 0.47]
25 studies · 71221 participants
Moderate

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Influenza‐like illness · healthy adults

Inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza‐like illness assessed by subjective report Timing of… compared with placebo or 'do nothing' (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.84 [0.75, 0.95]
16 studies · 25795 participants
Moderate

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Influenza‐like illness · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

Inactivated influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza‐like illness assessed by subjective report compared with placebo or do nothing (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.65, 0.79]
4 studies · 19044 participants
Moderate

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

Inactivated influenza vaccine leads to lower influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation compared with placebo or do nothing (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.36 [0.28, 0.48]
5 studies · 1628 participants
High

Live attenuated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation · healthy, community‐dwelling children younger than 16 years of age

Live attenuated influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation compared with placebo or do nothing (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.22 [0.11, 0.41]
7 studies · 7718 participants
Moderate

Live attenuated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Influenza‐like illness · healthy, community‐dwelling children younger than 16 years of age

Live attenuated influenza vaccine may leads to lower influenza‐like illness assessed by subjective report compared with placebo or do nothing (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.6, 0.8]
7 studies · 124606 participants
Low

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Pneumonia · people aged over 65 years

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 699 participants
Very low

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · people aged over 65 years

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

All deaths · people aged over 65 years

It is very uncertain whether influenza vaccine changes all deaths compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.11, 9.72]
1 study · 699 participants
Very low

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Fever · people aged over 65 years

Influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in fever compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.57 [0.92, 2.71]
3 studies · 2519 participants
Moderate

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Nausea · people aged over 65 years

Influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in nausea compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.75 [0.74, 4.12]
1 study · 672 participants
Low

Influenza vaccine vs control

Final diagnosis of at least one episode of AOM · infants and children

Influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in at least 1 episode of acute otitis media compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.84 [0.69, 1.02]
4 studies · 3134 participants
Low

Influenza vaccine vs control

Number of courses of antibiotics · infants and children

Influenza vaccine probably leads to lower courses of antibiotics compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.59, 0.83]
2 studies · 1223 participants
Moderate

Influenza vaccine vs control

Fever · infants and children

Influenza vaccine may leads to higher fever compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [1.06, 1.24]
7 studies · 10615 participants
Low

Influenza vaccine vs control

Adverse event ‐ rhinorrhoea · infants and children

Influenza vaccine may leads to higher rhinorrhoea compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [1.07, 1.29]
6 studies · 10563 participants
Low

Influenza vaccine vs control

Pharyngitis · infants and children

Influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in pharyngitis compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.8, 1.25]
3 studies · 4429 participants
Low

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Hospitalisations Timing of assessment: single influenza season · healthy adults

Inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in hospitalisations Timing of assessment: single influenza season compared with placebo or 'do nothing' (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.85, 1.08]
3 studies · 11924 participants
Low

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Time off work Timing of assessment: single influenza season · healthy adults

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 3726 participants
Low