What do systematic reviews say?

Children: higher dose/longer course vs lower dose/shorter course

• Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 201 participants
  GRADE not reported

Children: higher dose/longer course vs lower dose/shorter course

Children: higher dose/longer course showed no clear difference in new exacerbation during compared with lower dose/shorter course (low certainty).

• Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.38 [0.25, 7.47]
  2 studies · 231 participants
  Low
• Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.17 [0.67, 7.01]
  1 study · 100 participants
  Very low

Children: higher dose/longer course vs lower dose/shorter course

• Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 34 participants
  GRADE not reported

Children: higher dose/longer course vs lower dose/shorter course

Children: higher dose/longer course showed no clear difference in all adverse events compared with lower dose/shorter course (moderate certainty).

• Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.67 [0.11, 4.08]
  1 study · 201 participants
  Moderate

Higher parental education (tertiary) vs Lower parental education (reference)

Paternal tertiary education was associated with lower odds of ECC (OR 0.381).

• Prevalence and risk factors for early childhood caries in North Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes

  Egypt (Kabil 2017) · Paternal tertiary education [Kabil]
  OR 0.381 [0.16, 0.91]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported
• Prevalence and risk factors for early childhood caries in North Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes

  Egypt (Kabil 2017) · Maternal tertiary education [Kabil]
  OR 0.083 [0.03, 0.21]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported
• Prevalence and risk factors for early childhood caries in North Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes

  Tunisia (Chouchene 2022) · Parents' education level [Chouchene]
  OR 0.797 [0.171, 0.650]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Higher mean patient age (per 1 year) vs Lower mean patient age (per 1-year decrement)

In the mandible, mean patient age was not significantly associated with space closure odds (OR 0.59 per year; not GRADE-rated).

• Spontaneous space closure after extraction of permanent first molars in children and adolescents: a systematic review… 2024 All outcomes

  Until eruption of the permanent second molar (median follow-up 4.0 years) · University clinics and hospitals in 8 countries (children/adolescents <18 years) · Mandible
  OR 0.59 [0.20, >100.00]
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

Higher parental / maternal education vs Lower parental education (reference)

Higher parental education is associated with better OHRQoL in adolescents (narrative synthesis; no pooled estimate or GRADE rating).

• Oral-health-related quality of life in adolescents: umbrella review. 2023 All outcomes

  Community/school/clinic settings; adolescents 10-19 years; included reviews conducted in multiple countries
  Adolescents from families with higher incomes and higher levels of maternal education have better OHRQoL scores [34]. Children from families with high income, parental education and family economy had better OHRQoL [42].
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher vs 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients

A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher showed no clear difference in pre‐eclampsia compared with 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients (low certainty).

• Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.65, 1.42]
  5 studies · 1553 participants
  Low

A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher vs 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients

A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher probably leads to lower gestational diabetes compared with 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients (moderate certainty).

• Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.54 [0.34, 0.86]
  5 studies · 1846 participants
  Moderate

A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher vs 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients

A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients (low certainty).

• Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.25 [0.92, 1.69]
  4 studies · 2294 participants
  Low

A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher vs 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients

It is very uncertain whether A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher changes low birthweight compared with 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients (very low certainty).

• Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.66, 1.24]
  4 studies · 1550 participants
  Very low

Anticipated normal responders: higher vs lower dose of FSH

• Individualised gonadotropin dose selection using markers of ovarian reserve for women undergoing in vitro… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 37 participants
  GRADE not reported

Anticipated normal responders: higher vs lower dose of FSH

Anticipated normal responders: higher showed no clear difference in IU vs 100 IU compared with lower dose of FSH (low certainty).

• Individualised gonadotropin dose selection using markers of ovarian reserve for women undergoing in vitro… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.88 [0.57, 1.36]
  2 studies · 522 participants
  Low

Anticipated normal responders: higher vs lower dose of FSH

Anticipated normal responders: higher showed no clear difference in 225/200 IU vs 150 IU compared with lower dose of FSH (low certainty).

• Individualised gonadotropin dose selection using markers of ovarian reserve for women undergoing in vitro… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.98 [0.7, 1.36]
  2 studies · 686 participants
  Low

Anticipated normal responders: higher vs lower dose of FSH

Anticipated normal responders: higher showed no clear difference in IU vs 225 IU compared with lower dose of FSH (low certainty).

• Individualised gonadotropin dose selection using markers of ovarian reserve for women undergoing in vitro… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.65 [0.32, 1.32]
  1 study · 135 participants
  Low

Rabeprazole at higher doses (1 mg/kg) vs rabeprazole at lower doses (0.5 mg/kg)

• Pharmacological treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 127 participants
  Very low

Rabeprazole at higher doses (1 mg/kg) vs rabeprazole at lower doses (0.5 mg/kg)

• Pharmacological treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 127 participants
  Very low

Rabeprazole at higher doses (1 mg/kg) vs rabeprazole at lower doses (0.5 mg/kg)

• Pharmacological treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 127 participants
  Very low

Rabeprazole at higher doses (1 mg/kg) vs rabeprazole at lower doses (0.5 mg/kg)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

The meta-analysis of observational studies reported a SMD (to OR) of 0.08 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.63) for higher versus lower circulating vitamin D concentration.

• Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
  SMD (to OR) 0.08 [0.01, 0.63]
  7 studies · 1005 participants
  GRADE not reported