Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

901 questions · 1,073 findings · 138 reviews

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No studies found 166 · 15.5%GRADE not reported 310 · 28.9%Very low 213 · 19.9%Low 227 · 21.2%Moderate 132 · 12.3%High 25 · 2.3%

Effects of high‐ vs low‐added sugar consumption

Cholesterol mg/dL · Adults without diabetes or CVD

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low‐added sugar consumption for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 763 participants
Low

Effects of high‐ vs low‐added sugar consumption

LDL‐cholesterol · Adults without diabetes or CVD

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low‐added sugar consumption for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 712 participants
Low

Effects of high‐ vs low‐added sugar consumption

HDL‐cholesterol · Adults without diabetes or CVD

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low‐added sugar consumption for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 817 participants
Low

Effects of high‐ vs low‐added sugar consumption

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) · Adults without diabetes or CVD

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low‐added sugar consumption for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
14 studies · 720 participants
Low

High MCT formula vs low MCT formula

Gastrointestinal intolerance · promoting short‐term growth of preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short‐term growth of preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 145 participants
Very low

High MCT formula vs low MCT formula

NEC · promoting short‐term growth of preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short‐term growth of preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 82 participants
Very low

High MCT formula vs low MCT formula

Neurodevelopmental outcomes · promoting short‐term growth of preterm infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short‐term growth of preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

High MCT formula vs low MCT formula

Long‐term growth outcomes · promoting short‐term growth of preterm infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short‐term growth of preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Necrotising enterocolitis · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Weight gain · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Linear growth (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Growth: head circumference (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

IQ score and Bayley score at 18 months or later · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Mortality before hospital discharge · patients with ALI and ARDS

High levels of PEEP showed no clear difference in mortality before hospital discharge compared with low levels of PEEP (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.9, 1.04]
7 studies · 3640 participants
Moderate

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Oxygen efficiency (PaO2/FiO2) day 1 postoperative · patients with ALI and ARDS

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 2594 participants
Low

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Oxygen efficiency (PaO2/FiO2) day 3 postoperative · patients with ALI and ARDS

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 2309 participants
Low

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Oxygen efficiency (PaO2/FIO2). Day 7 · patients with ALI and ARDS

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1611 participants
Moderate

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Barotrauma · patients with ALI and ARDS

High levels of PEEP showed no clear difference in barotrauma compared with low levels of PEEP (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.64, 1.57]
9 studies · 3791 participants
Low

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Ventilator‐free days up to day 28 · patients with ALI and ARDS

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 1654 participants
Low

High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula

Underweight · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 1629 participants
Very low