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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
726 questions in 98 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intrauterine balloon tamponade plus normal care (misoprostol) vs normal care (misoprostol) Serious maternal morbidity (renal or respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or multiple organ failure) · women diagnosed with primary PPH following vaginal birth. Women were suspected to have PPH due to clinical atony and… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade plus normal care (misoprostol) vs normal care (misoprostol) Mean blood loss (mL) (trialist defined) · women diagnosed with primary PPH following vaginal birth. Women were suspected to have PPH due to clinical atony and… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
External uterine compression (all methods) plus normal care vs normal care Hysterectomy to control bleeding ‐ not reported · women diagnosed with primary PPH following vaginal birth. PPH was defined as quote: "blood loss > 500mL after… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (latex balloon inflated with air) plus cerclage and normal care vs normal care Serious maternal morbidity (renal or respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or multiple organ failure) · women with PPH, due to atony, following vaginal birth at home or in hospital (Soltan 2007) Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (latex balloon inflated with air) plus cerclage and normal care vs normal care Number of women with total blood loss 1000 mL or more after randomisation · women with PPH, due to atony, following vaginal birth at home or in hospital (Soltan 2007) Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (latex balloon inflated with air) plus cerclage and normal care vs normal care Mean blood loss (mL) (trialist defined) · women with PPH, due to atony, following vaginal birth at home or in hospital (Soltan 2007) Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (latex balloon inflated with air) plus cerclage and normal care vs normal care Blood transfusion (red cell or whole blood) · women with PPH, due to atony, following vaginal birth at home or in hospital (Soltan 2007) Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
External uterine compression (all methods) plus normal care vs normal care Serious maternal morbidity (renal or respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or multiple organ failure) ‐ not reported · women diagnosed with primary PPH following vaginal birth. PPH was defined as quote: "blood loss > 500mL after… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade vs haemostatic square suturing to the lower segment of the uterus (intrauterine tamponade versus another mechanical/surgical method) Number of women with total blood loss 1000 mL or more after randomisation · women with complete placenta praevia and intractable bleeding following caesarean section Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade vs condom‐loaded Foley Catheter (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Mortality due to bleeding · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal delivery Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade vs condom‐loaded Foley Catheter (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Serious maternal morbidity (renal or respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or multiple organ failure) · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal delivery Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade vs condom‐loaded Foley Catheter (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Number of women with total blood loss 1000 mL or more after randomisation · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal delivery Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
External uterine compression (all methods) plus normal care vs normal care Number of women with total blood loss 1000 mL or more after randomisation ‐ not reported · women diagnosed with primary PPH following vaginal birth. PPH was defined as quote: "blood loss > 500mL after… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade vs condom‐loaded Foley Catheter (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Mean blood loss (mL) (trialist defined) · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal delivery Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade vs condom‐loaded Foley Catheter (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Side effects of the intervention (e.g. trauma, necrosis) · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal delivery Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade+traction stitch vs Bakri balloon (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Mortality due to bleeding · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade+traction stitch vs Bakri balloon (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Serious maternal morbidity (renal or respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or multiple organ failure) · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade+traction stitch vs Bakri balloon (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Number of women with total blood loss 1000 mL or more after randomisation · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade+traction stitch vs Bakri balloon (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Mean blood loss (mL) (trialist defined) · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade+traction stitch vs Bakri balloon (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Blood transfusion (red cell or whole blood) · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade+traction stitch vs Bakri balloon (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Side effects of the intervention (e.g. trauma, necrosis) · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
External uterine compression (all methods) plus normal care vs normal care Mean blood loss (mL) (trialist defined) · women diagnosed with primary PPH following vaginal birth. PPH was defined as quote: "blood loss > 500mL after… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method) Mortality due to bleeding · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method) Hysterectomy to control bleeding · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method) Serious maternal morbidity (renal or respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or multiple organ failure) · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method) Number of women with total blood loss 1000 mL or more after randomisation · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method) Mean blood loss (mL) (trialist defined) · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method) Blood transfusion (red cell or whole blood) · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified B‐Lynch compression suture technique vs standard B‐Lynch compression suture (one uterine compression suture technique versus another uterine compression suture technique) Mortality due to bleeding · women with uncontrolled atonic PPH following caesarean section, and not responding to standard care (uterine massage,… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified B‐Lynch compression suture technique vs standard B‐Lynch compression suture (one uterine compression suture technique versus another uterine compression suture technique) Serious maternal morbidity (renal or respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or multiple organ failure) · women with uncontrolled atonic PPH following caesarean section, and not responding to standard care (uterine massage,… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified B‐Lynch compression suture technique vs standard B‐Lynch compression suture (one uterine compression suture technique versus another uterine compression suture technique) Number of women with total blood loss 1000 mL or more after randomisation · women with uncontrolled atonic PPH following caesarean section, and not responding to standard care (uterine massage,… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified B‐Lynch compression suture technique vs standard B‐Lynch compression suture (one uterine compression suture technique versus another uterine compression suture technique) Blood transfusion (red cell or whole blood) · women with uncontrolled atonic PPH following caesarean section, and not responding to standard care (uterine massage,… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified B‐Lynch compression suture technique vs standard B‐Lynch compression suture (one uterine compression suture technique versus another uterine compression suture technique) Side effects of the intervention (e.g. trauma, necrosis) · women with uncontrolled atonic PPH following caesarean section, and not responding to standard care (uterine massage,… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
External uterine compression (all methods) plus normal care vs normal care Side effects of the intervention (e.g. trauma, necrosis) ‐ not reported · women diagnosed with primary PPH following vaginal birth. PPH was defined as quote: "blood loss > 500mL after… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
One uterine devascularisation technique (uterine arterial embolisation) vs another uterine devascularisation technique (surgical devascularisation plus B‐Lynch) Mortality due to bleeding ‐ not reported · treating primary postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Additional support vs usual care during pregnancy Long‐term morbidity · women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (fetal/neonatal/infant outcomes) Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin vs ergot alkaloids Maternal all‐cause mortality · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin + ergometrine vs ergot alkaloids Need for additional uterotonics · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin + ergometrine vs ergot alkaloids Blood loss 1000 mL or more after delivery · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin + ergometrine vs ergot alkaloids Blood transfusion · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin + ergometrine vs ergot alkaloids Third stage > 30 minutes · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin + ergometrine vs ergot alkaloids Diastolic blood pressure > 100 mm Hg between delivery of the baby and discharge from the labour ward · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin vs no uterotonics or placebo Maternal all‐cause mortality · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin vs no uterotonics or placebo Diastolic blood pressure > 100 mm Hg between delivery of the baby and discharge from the labour ward · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Pelvic infection · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D + calcium supplementation vs placebo or no intervention Maternal adverse events · pregnant women and their infants.. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Guided imagery vs quiet rest Severe hypertension · pregnant women (between 30 and 36 weeks’ gestation) with elevated blood pressure Guided imagery for treating hypertension in pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Guided imagery vs quiet rest Severe pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women (between 30 and 36 weeks’ gestation) with elevated blood pressure Guided imagery for treating hypertension in pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Guided imagery vs quiet rest Perinatal death (stillbirths plus deaths in the first week of life) · pregnant women (between 30 and 36 weeks’ gestation) with elevated blood pressure Guided imagery for treating hypertension in pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physical breastfeeding support interventions (electric or manual breast pump) vs usual care (no pump) Non‐initiation of breastfeeding · women with a pre‐pregnancy BMI > 29 kg/m², who were intending to breastfeed, had no history of breast surgery, who… Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |