Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
15,213 questions in 2,394 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Primary school-based behavioural intervention (both oral hygiene and dietary components) vs No intervention or delayed intervention (non-intervention control; one trial's control received dental treatment plus an annual supervised toothbrushing session) Behavioural outcomes (reported and/or other measures, e.g. data tracking toothbrushes and collecting food wrappers) · Children aged 4 to 12 years attending primary school Primary school‐based behavioural interventions for preventing caries (2013) · Cochrane | No other behavioural outcomes (e.g. objective toothbrush tracking or food-wrapper collection) were measured by the four included studies. | 0 studies | No studies |
Acupuncture vs Placebo (sham acupuncture) Quality of life · Adults with dry mouth due to radiotherapy (head and neck cancer) or Sjogren's Syndrome Interventions for the management of dry mouth: non‐pharmacological interventions (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
One prophylactic antibiotic vs A different prophylactic antibiotic Outcome NR · Adults undergoing dental implant placement · At least 3 months (planned) Interventions for replacing missing teeth: antibiotics at dental implant placement to prevent complications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Any intervention to manage relapse: fixed options (labial braces, lingual braces, fixed lingual wire) or removable options (Hawley's retainer with spring elastomeric module, Bloore removable aligner, other Hawley's retainer modifications, Invisalign, Clearstep) vs Another such intervention or no active treatment; all interventions compared against each other in any combination Adverse effects including pain, gingivitis, enamel decalcification and root resorption · Participants who previously underwent orthodontic treatment, with subsequent crowding (relapse) of the lower front… Interventions for managing relapse of the lower front teeth after orthodontic treatment (2013) · Cochrane | No RCTs met the inclusion criteria for this review. After deduplication, the electronic searching identified 527 publications; after reviewing the titles and abstracts, none focused on interventions to correct the… | 0 studies | No studies |
Electrostimulation (device) vs Placebo (sham/placebo device) Patient satisfaction with treatment · Adults with dry mouth due to Sjogren's Syndrome Interventions for the management of dry mouth: non‐pharmacological interventions (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Antibiotics (systemic) vs No antibiotics, placebo, or a different type of antibiotic Outcome NR · Patients (mainly children and young adults) with a history of dental trauma and a diagnosis of luxation (intrusion,… · Minimum 12 months follow-up Interventions for treating traumatised permanent front teeth: luxated (dislodged) teeth (2013) · Cochrane | Types of antibiotics: the effect of using no antibiotics, a placebo or different types of antibiotics. Main results: No randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials were found; no study was included in this review. | 0 studies | No studies |
Zygomatic implants without bone grafts (as a complete alternative to any bone augmentation procedure) vs Conventional dental implants in augmented maxillae Cost-effectiveness · Participants with an atrophic maxilla who cannot be rehabilitated with conventional dental implants due to lack of… · At least 1 year in function Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in zygomatic bone for the rehabilitation of the… (2013) · Cochrane | Results (Effects of interventions): we could not identify any eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs). | 0 studies | No studies |
Different etching materials (phosphoric acid, polyacrylic acid, maleic acid, etc.), acid concentrations or etching times vs An alternative etching material, concentration or etching time Outcome NR · Children and adults with fixed orthodontic brackets bonded to incisors, canines and premolars Enamel etching for bonding fixed orthodontic braces (2013) · Cochrane | We identified no eligible trial that examined the effects of conventional etchants with respect to different etching concentrations or etching times for the bonding of fixed orthodontic appliances. No eligible RCTs… | NR | No studies |
Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing Quality of life · Dentate adults aged 16 years and older Interdental brushing for the prevention and control of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults (2013) · Cochrane | Not estimable. No included study assessed quality of life as an outcome. (See comment) | 0 studies | No studies |
Primary school-based behavioural intervention (both oral hygiene and dietary components) vs No intervention or delayed intervention (non-intervention control; one trial's control received dental treatment plus an annual supervised toothbrushing session) Adverse events · Children aged 4 to 12 years attending primary school Primary school‐based behavioural interventions for preventing caries (2013) · Cochrane | No study reported any adverse events. | 0 studies | No studies |
Pre-radiotherapy dental extraction vs Post-radiotherapy dental extraction Outcome NR · Patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer planned to undergo any type of radiotherapy (external beam, intensity… Dental extractions prior to radiotherapy to the jaws for reducing post‐radiotherapy dental complications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Intraoral distalising appliance vs Another (different) intraoral distalising appliance Adverse effects (headgear injuries, gum health, tooth damage/decay, root resorption) · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or less at the start of treatment) undergoing orthodontic treatment to… Orthodontic treatment for distalising upper first molars in children and adolescents (2013) · Cochrane | Adverse effects were not reported by these studies. | 0 studies | No studies |
Pre-radiotherapy extraction of healthy molar teeth vs Conservative treatment (leaving the teeth in place during radiotherapy, with oral health education and disease prevention: oral hygiene, fluoride, diet advice) Patients' quality of life · Patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer planned to undergo any type of radiotherapy (external beam, intensity… Dental extractions prior to radiotherapy to the jaws for reducing post‐radiotherapy dental complications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Intraoral distalising appliance vs Another (different) intraoral distalising appliance Non-compliance rate of the intervention · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or less at the start of treatment) undergoing orthodontic treatment to… Orthodontic treatment for distalising upper first molars in children and adolescents (2013) · Cochrane | Non-compliance rate not reported ("The remaining secondary outcomes and adverse effects were not reported by these studies"). | 0 studies | No studies |
Toluidine blue (visual staining) vs No screening Outcome NR · Planned population: general population or high-risk / opportunistic screening groups (no eligible study) Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer (2013) · Cochrane | There was no evidence to support the use of adjunctive technologies like toluidine blue, brush biopsy or fluorescence imaging as a screening tool to reduce oral cancer mortality; no eligible randomised controlled trial… | 0 studies | No studies |
Erythropoietin (subcutaneous or intravenous at varying dosages) vs placebo Fatigue Not reported · anemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anemia in rheumatoid arthritis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Erythropoietin (subcutaneous or intravenous at varying dosages) vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events · anemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anemia in rheumatoid arthritis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Erythropoietin (subcutaneous or intravenous at varying dosages) vs placebo Withdrawals due to lack of efficacy · anemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anemia in rheumatoid arthritis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Erythropoietin (subcutaneous or intravenous at varying dosages) vs placebo Withdrawals due to high blood pressure · anemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anemia in rheumatoid arthritis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo Protection from experiencing an asthma exacerbation of any cause over the influenza season ‐ adults given inactivated influenza vaccine · children and adults with asthma Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo Protection from experiencing an influenza‐related asthma exacerbation over the influenza season ‐ adults given inactivated influenza vaccine · children and adults with asthma Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
User‐held information vs standard information Death: causes other than suicide ‐ not reported · patients with routine care of people with severe mental illness User‐held personalised information for routine care of people with severe mental illness (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
User‐held information vs standard information Violence ‐ not reported · patients with routine care of people with severe mental illness User‐held personalised information for routine care of people with severe mental illness (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Quality of life: no significant change in quality of life/satisfaction medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Mental state: no improvementmedium term (3‐12 months)not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Mental state: presence of first‐rank symptoms medium term (3‐12 months)not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects Parkinsonismshort term (< 3 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects Parkinsonismmedium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE vs PLACEBO Mental state: no improvement medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + PLACEBO Mental state: no improvement medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + PLACEBO Mental state: presence of first‐rank symptoms medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + PLACEBO Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects Parkinsonism short term (< 3 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + ANTIPSYCHOTIC Global state: relapse medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + ANTIPSYCHOTIC Mental state: no improvement medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + ANTIPSYCHOTIC Mental state: presence of first‐rank symptoms medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE vs PLACEBO Mental state: specific symptoms first‐rank symptoms medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + ANTIPSYCHOTIC Quality of life: average change score medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE vs PLACEBO Quality of life: no significant change in quality of life/satisfaction medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR At least 50% reduction in pain or equivalent · adults with complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (lower limb) Cervico‐thoracic or lumbar sympathectomy for neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndrome (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR At least 30% reduction in pain · adults with complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (lower limb) Cervico‐thoracic or lumbar sympathectomy for neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndrome (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Patient Global Impression of Change: much or very much improved · adults with complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (lower limb) Cervico‐thoracic or lumbar sympathectomy for neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndrome (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Death · adults with complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (lower limb) Cervico‐thoracic or lumbar sympathectomy for neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndrome (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physiotherapy with traction vs physiotherapy without traction Adverse effects · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs another type of traction Pain intensity VAS (0‐100 mm). · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs another type of traction Functional status Oswestry Disability Index or Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs another type of traction Global improvement · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs another type of traction Return to work · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs another type of traction Adverse effects · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs any other treatment Return to work · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs placebo, sham or no treatment Functional status Oswestry Disability Index or Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |