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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
67 questions in 7 reviews · cluster CL0012
current versionsNo studies 1 · 1.5%Ungraded 65 · 97%Very low 1 · 1.5%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Intervention categories, outcome domains and clusters are a proposed key pending human validation. Clear all filters
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Study region: USA Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.85 [1.38, 2.49] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Study location: America/Canada/Brazil RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.11 [0.70, 1.76] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Dental examination: Clinical and radiographic examinations Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 2.21 [2.09, 2.34] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Study design: Cross-sectional RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 0.86 [0.54, 1.38] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Study location: Asia RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 0.93 [0.65, 1.33] | 12 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Study region: Europe Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.67 [1.40, 1.99] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Study quality (NOS): Moderate RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.10 [0.75, 1.61] | 12 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Sample size: <300 RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.09 [0.64, 1.86] | 13 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Dental examination: Visual/tactile examination Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.48 [1.26, 1.74] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Study quality (NOS): Low RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 0.95 [0.39, 2.33] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Confounder adjustment: No RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 0.98 [0.66, 1.47] | 15 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children with average age >3 years · Average age: >3 years RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.24 [0.89, 1.71] | 14 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Sample size: <=1000 Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.63 [1.11, 2.40] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Overall (all 12 studies pooled) Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.774 [1.554, 2.026] | 12 studies · 90405 participants | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Study design: Case-control RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.40 [0.76, 2.59] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Study location: Africa RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 0.73 [0.27, 1.97] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries · Children · Overall Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.78 [1.55, 2.05] | 12 studies · 90405 participants | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Sample size: >3000 Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 2.18 [2.07, 2.31] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Time period: 2017 and before RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.10 [0.80, 1.52] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Study region: Asia Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.71 [1.40, 2.10] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Study location: Europe RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.48 [0.83, 2.63] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries · Children · Study region: Australia Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.68 [1.35, 2.10] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Children's age: >3 years Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.83 [1.53, 2.18] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children with average age ≤3 years · Average age: ≤3 years RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 0.86 [0.67, 1.10] | 10 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Children's age: <=3 years Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.70 [1.50, 1.91] | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Sample size: >1000 and ≤3000 Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.70 [1.48, 1.88] | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Time period: After 2018 RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.01 [0.75, 1.35] | 13 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Sample size: ≥300 RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.05 [0.86, 1.28] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Study design: Cohort RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.15 [0.90, 1.46] | 9 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Overall (all 24 studies; random-effects) RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.05 [0.86, 1.30] | 24 studies · 71732 participants | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Confounder adjustment: Yes RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.11 [0.89, 1.37] | 9 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Study region: Australia Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.68 [1.35, 2.10] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Study quality (NOS): Good RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 0.97 [0.82, 1.14] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Dental examination: Parent-reported dental caries Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.68 [1.35, 2.10] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Dental examination: Clinical oral examinations Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.82 [1.47, 2.26] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Dental examination: Visual examination Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.85 [1.59, 2.16] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal education attainment vs Children without dental caries Dental caries (association with no formal maternal education) · Children (deciduous and/or permanent dentition) in low- and middle-income countries · No formal education Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income… (2022) | OR 1.34 [0.76, 2.36] | 3 studies · 3666 participants | Ungraded |
Maternal education attainment vs Children without dental caries Dental caries (association with secondary/higher maternal education) · Children (deciduous and/or permanent dentition) in low- and middle-income countries · Secondary and higher education Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income… (2022) | OR 0.96 [0.64, 1.44] | 7 studies · 6529 participants | Ungraded |
Maternal education attainment vs Children without dental caries Dental caries (association with primary maternal education) · Children (deciduous and/or permanent dentition) in low- and middle-income countries · Primary education Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income… (2022) | OR 1.25 [1.02, 1.54] | 7 studies · 6529 participants | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries · Children · Children's age: over 3 years Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.67] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Childhood dental caries · Children in cross-sectional studies from Europe · Study region: Europe Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | OR 1.55 [1.45, 1.66] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries · Children · Sample size: over 3,000 Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.67] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Childhood dental caries · Children in cross-sectional studies · Sensitivity: excluded Julihn et al. 2009 Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | OR 1.63 [1.35, 1.98] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Childhood dental caries · Children in cross-sectional studies · Sensitivity: excluded Majorana et al. 2014 Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.68] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Caesarean section (C-section) delivery vs Vaginal delivery Prevalence of early childhood caries (primary dentition) · Toddlers and preschool children, 2 to 6 years of age (primary dentition) · Caries assessed at 8 months to 6 years of age Is the mode of childbirth delivery linked to the prevalence of early childhood caries? A systematic review… (2021) | OR 1.48 [1.07, 2.05] | 11 studies · 58682 participants | Very low |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Childhood dental caries · Children in cross-sectional studies · Sensitivity: excluded Iida et al. 2007 Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.67] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Childhood dental caries · Children in cross-sectional studies · Sensitivity: excluded Tanaka et al. 2015 Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.67] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries · Children · Study region: United States Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | OR 1.68 [1.01, 2.79] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries · Children · Caries assessment: clinical and radiographic examination Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.67] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries · Children · Sample size: 3,000 or fewer Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | OR 1.61 [1.30, 2.01] | 4 studies | Ungraded |