Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,252 questions · 2,353 findings · 210 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 432 · 18.4%GRADE not reported 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%

Intervention not reported

PIPP ‐ Preterm infants · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain

1 finding from 1 review

Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 47 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain

1 finding from 1 review

Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 100 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

PIPP 30 s after heel lance (term and preterm infants) Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain

1 finding from 1 review

Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 278 participants
High

Intervention not reported

PIPP 60 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain

1 finding from 1 review

Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 164 participants
High

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS

Gavage to full oral feeding (days) · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 87 participants
Low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS

Start oral feeding to full oral feeding (days) · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 100 participants
Very low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS

Days from birth to full oral breastfeeding · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 303 participants
Low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS

Full breast feeding at discharge · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 303 participants
Low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS

Length of hospital stay · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 501 participants
Low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS

Daily weight gain · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 103 participants
Low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS

Postconceptual age at full oral feeds (days) · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 28 participants
Very low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS

Intestinal transit time (hours) · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 30 participants
Very low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Death or major neurodevelopmental disability · infants with perinatal asphyxia

It is very uncertain whether barbiturate treatment changes death or major neurodevelopmental disability compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.14, 0.78]
1 study · 31 participants
Very low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Death · infants with perinatal asphyxia

Barbiturate treatment showed no clear difference in death compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.55, 1.42]
8 studies · 429 participants
Low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Major neurodevelopmental disability at childhood · infants with perinatal asphyxia

It is very uncertain whether barbiturate treatment changes major neurodevelopmental disability compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.24 [0.06, 0.92]
1 study · 31 participants
Very low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Cerebral palsy · infants with perinatal asphyxia

It is very uncertain whether barbiturate treatment changes cerebral palsy compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.58 [0.19, 1.7]
2 studies · 69 participants
Very low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Developmental delay at ≥ 18 months · infants with perinatal asphyxia

It is very uncertain whether barbiturate treatment changes developmental delay compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.54 [0.24, 1.19]
2 studies · 63 participants
Very low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Seizures · infants with perinatal asphyxia

Barbiturate treatment may leads to lower seizures (clinical or electrographic) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.62 [0.48, 0.81]
6 studies · 319 participants
Low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Abnormal neurologic exam at discharge · infants with perinatal asphyxia

Barbiturate treatment showed no clear difference in abnormal neurologic exam at discharge compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.67, 1.08]
4 studies · 245 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Death prior to hospital discharge · Preterm infants

The intervention showed no clear difference in death prior to hospital discharge (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.8, 1.17]
12 studies · 2877 participants
High