Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

671 questions · 731 findings · 61 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol

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No studies found 57 · 7.8%GRADE not reported 39 · 5.3%Very low 186 · 25.4%Low 239 · 32.7%Moderate 171 · 23.4%High 39 · 5.3%

Anticonvulsant vs placebo

Craving · patients with cocaine dependence

1 finding from 1 review

Anticonvulsants for cocaine dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 428 participants
Low

CBT (plus taper) vs taper

Successful discontinuation of BZDs‐ post treatment Objective and subjective · patients with BZD harmful use, abuse or dependence

CBT (plus taper) probably leads to higher successful discontinuation of BZDs‐ post treatment Objective and… compared with taper (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.4 [1.05, 1.86]
9 studies · 423 participants
Moderate

CBT (plus taper) vs taper

Successful discontinuation of BZDs‐ 12 month · patients with BZD harmful use, abuse or dependence

CBT (plus taper) showed no clear difference in successful discontinuation of BZDs‐ 12 month compared with taper (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.42 [0.89, 2.28]
5 studies · 284 participants
Moderate

CBT (plus taper) vs taper

Reduce BZDs> 50% ‐ post treatment Objective · patients with BZD harmful use, abuse or dependence

CBT (plus taper) showed no clear difference in reduce BZDs> 50% ‐ post treatment Objective compared with taper (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.93 [0.11, 8.18]
3 studies · 178 participants
Low

CBT (plus taper) vs taper

Reduce BZDs> 50% ‐ 12 month · patients with BZD harmful use, abuse or dependence

CBT (plus taper) showed no clear difference in reduce BZDs> 50% ‐ 12 month compared with taper (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.07 [0.14, 8.21]
2 studies · 125 participants
Low

MI vs TAU

Successful discontinuation of BZDs‐ post treatment Objective and subjective · patients with BZD harmful use, abuse or dependence

It is very uncertain whether MI changes successful discontinuation of BZDs‐ post treatment Objective and… compared with TAU (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.43 [0.16, 125.35]
2 studies · 34 participants
Very low
Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.46 [0.53, 22.45]
4 studies · 80 participants
Very low

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention

Drug use · drug‐using offenders

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological showed no clear difference in drug use (objective) hair and urine analyses compared with no intervention (low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.51, 1]
2 studies · 237 participants
Low
Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.61 [0.31, 1.18]
3 studies · 317 participants
Low
Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 510 participants
Low

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention

Arrests · drug‐using offenders

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological showed no clear difference in criminal activity dichotomous ‐ Arrests official records compared with no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.6 [0.32, 1.14]
1 study · 62 participants
Low

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention

Criminal activity ‐ Re‐incarceration · drug‐using offenders

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological showed no clear difference in criminal activity dichotomous ‐ Re‐incarceration official records compared with no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.77 [0.36, 1.64]
3 studies · 472 participants
Low

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention

Criminal activity continuous mean number of crime dayes · drug‐using offenders

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 51 participants
Low

naltrexone vs no pharmacological

Criminal activity dichotomous ‐ Reincarceration official records · patients with drug‐using offenders

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Antagonost (Naltrexone) probably leads to lower criminal activity dichotomous ‐ Reincarceration official records compared with no pharmacological (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.4 [0.21, 0.74]
2 studies · 114 participants
Moderate

naltrexone vs no pharmacological

Drug use · patients with drug‐using offenders

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Antagonost (Naltrexone) showed no clear difference in drug use (objective) urine screen compared with no pharmacological (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.28, 1.7]
1 study · 63 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Retention in treatment · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention leads to lower retention in treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.73, 0.95]
11 studies · 1391 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Morphine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention showed no clear difference in morphine‐positive urines (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 1027 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Self‐reported heroin use · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention showed no clear difference in self‐reported heroin use (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 501 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Cocaine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention showed no clear difference in cocaine‐positive urines (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
SMD 0.1
6 studies · 919 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Benzodiazepine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention showed no clear difference in benzodiazepine‐positive urines (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
SMD 0.05
6 studies · 859 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Retention in treatment · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention leads to higher retention in treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.82 [1.15, 2.9]
5 studies · 1001 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Morphine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention showed no clear difference in morphine‐positive urines (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 729 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Benzodiazepine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention showed no clear difference in benzodiazepine‐positive urines (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 336 participants
Moderate