What do systematic reviews say?

An intervention in which one's attention is on the experience of stress (feelings, thoughts, behavior) vs no intervention/wait list/placebo/no stress‐reduction intervention

• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  41 studies · 3645 participants
  Low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  19 studies · 1851 participants
  Low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 68 participants
  Very low

A combination of individual‐level interventions vs no intervention/wait list/placebo/no stress‐reduction intervention

• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  15 studies · 1003 participants
  Low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 574 participants
  Low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 88 participants
  Very low

An intervention in which one's attention is away from the experience of stress vs no intervention/wait list/placebo/no stress‐reduction intervention

• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  35 studies · 2366 participants
  Low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 427 participants
  Low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

An intervention in which the focus is on work‐related risk factors on an individual level vs no intervention/no stress‐reduction interventionfor stress reduction

• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 87 participants
  Very low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 152 participants
  Very low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 161 participants
  Very low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 10316 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 2507 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 12502 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.94 [0.84, 1.07]
  10 studies · 16636 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS may leads to higher pneumonia compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.38 [1.02, 1.88]
  9 studies · 14831 participants
  Low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS probably leads to higher oropharyngeal candidiasis compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.66 [1.91, 3.68]
  7 studies · 5547 participants
  Moderate

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) probably leads to lower respiratory failure postextubation compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (moderate certainty).

• Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.67, 0.84]
  19 studies · 2738 participants
  Moderate

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) probably leads to lower endotracheal reintubation compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (moderate certainty).

• Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.78 [0.7, 0.87]
  17 studies · 2608 participants
  Moderate

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) showed no clear difference in gastrointestinal perforation compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (low certainty).

• Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.58, 1.38]
  8 studies · 1478 participants
  Low

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) showed no clear difference in necrotising enterocolitis compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (moderate certainty).

• Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.65, 1.15]
  10 studies · 2069 participants
  Moderate

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease (oxygen supplementation at 36 weeks) compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (moderate certainty).

• Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.84, 1.05]
  9 studies · 2001 participants
  Moderate

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) may leads to lower pulmonary air leak compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (low certainty).

• Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.57 [0.37, 0.87]
  13 studies · 2404 participants
  Low

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) showed no clear difference in mortality (defined as death before discharge) compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (low certainty).

• Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.61, 1.07]
  11 studies · 2258 participants
  Low

IVF vs expectant management

It is very uncertain whether IVF changes live birth per woman randomised compared with expectant management (very low certainty).

• In vitro fertilisation for unexplained subfertility 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 22 [2.56, 189.37]
  1 study · 51 participants
  Very low

IVF vs unstimulated IUI

It is very uncertain whether IVF changes miscarriage rate per woman randomised compared with unstimulated IUI (very low certainty).

• In vitro fertilisation for unexplained subfertility 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.72 [0.14, 21.25]
  1 study · 43 participants
  Very low

IVF vs IUI + ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins or CC

IVF showed no clear difference in live birth rate per woman randomised compared with IUI + ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins or CC (low certainty).

• In vitro fertilisation for unexplained subfertility 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.19 [0.87, 1.61]
  3 studies · 731 participants
  Low