Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,918 questions · 5,537 findings · 1,803 reviews

No studies found 1,309 · 23.6%GRADE not reported 440 · 7.9%Very low 1,560 · 28.2%Low 1,292 · 23.3%Moderate 751 · 13.6%High 185 · 3.3%

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Probiotics vs placebo

Adverse events (serious adverse reaction and adverse reaction) · children and adults with CF

Probiotics showed no clear difference in adverse events (serious adverse reaction and adverse reaction) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs paracetamol

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs NSAIDs

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis

It is very uncertain whether tramadol alone changes number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events compared with NSAIDs (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs other opioids

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis

It is very uncertain whether tramadol alone changes number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events compared with other opioids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs placebo

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip

Tramadol alone may leads to higher number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Losigamone vs placebo

Proportion of participants experiencing adverse events · people with focal epilepsy

Losigamone showed no clear difference in the proportion of participants experiencing any adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oestrogen in combination with progestogen (sequential or continuous) vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · women with PMS

It is very uncertain whether oestrogen in combination with progestogen (sequential or continuous) changes withdrawal due to adverse events over 2 to 4 menstrual cycles1 compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Abrupt discontinuation deprescribing vs continued use

Adverse drug withdrawal events ‐ relapse (endoscopic findings) · people with mild to moderate esophagitis, symptomatic, aged > 18 years (mean age 73 years)

It is very uncertain whether abrupt discontinuation deprescribing changes adverse drug withdrawal events ‐ relapse (endoscopic findings) compared with continued use (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lidocaine vs tocainide

Adverse events (AEs) (1 or more events) · patients with myocardial infarction

It is very uncertain whether lidocaine changes adverse events (AEs; adverse drug reaction): any adverse event compared with tocainide (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lidocaine vs placebo or no intervention

Adverse events (AEs; adverse drug reaction): sinus bradycardia · patients with acute myocardial infarction

It is very uncertain whether lidocaine changes adverse events (AEs; adverse drug reaction): sinus bradycardia compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nicotine EC vs NRT

Adverse events at 4 weeks to 6 months Assessed by self‐report · people who smoke

Nicotine EC showed no clear difference in adverse events at 4 weeks to 6‐9 months Assessed by self‐report compared with NRT (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Daratumumab plus standard therapy vs usual care

Adverse events: infections (CTCAE grade ≥ 3) (longest available · people with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma ineligible for transplant

Summary of findings table ‐ Daratumumab plus standard therapy probably leads to higher adverse events: infections (CTCAE grade ≥ 3) (longest available compared with standard therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review