Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,918 questions · 5,537 findings · 1,803 reviews

No studies found 1,309 · 23.6%GRADE not reported 440 · 7.9%Very low 1,560 · 28.2%Low 1,292 · 23.3%Moderate 751 · 13.6%High 185 · 3.3%

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Epidural analgesia vs intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia

Adverse events (assessed at any time during · adults having abdominal surgery

Epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in adverse events (assessed at any time during compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Metformin vs placebo or no treatment

Gastrointestinal adverse events · Women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility

Metformin probably leads to higher adverse events (gastrointestinal) per woman compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Topical ketoprofen gel Local adverse events · adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain (osteoarthritis)
1 finding from 1 review

Quinine vs placebo

Major adverse events · patients with muscle cramps
1 finding from 1 review
  • Quinine for muscle cramps 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
    no estimate extracted
    18 studies · 1103 participants
    Moderate

Quinine vs placebo

Minor adverse events · patients with muscle cramps
1 finding from 1 review

Oral methotrexate plus intra‐articular glucocorticoid vs intra‐articular glucocorticoid alone

Withdrawals due to adverse events · children and young people with JIA

Oral methotrexate plus intra‐articular glucocorticoid showed no clear difference in withdrawals due to adverse events(12 months) compared with intra‐articular glucocorticoid alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cromolyn sodium vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · active EoE pediatric patients

Cromolyn sodium showed no clear difference in withdrawals due to adverse events at 8 weeks compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review