What do systematic reviews say?

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) vs ADT only

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may leads to higher grade III to V adverse events compared with ADT only (low certainty).

• Taxane‐based chemohormonal therapy for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.98 [2.19, 4.04]
  1 study · 375 participants
  Low

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

• Tobacco cessation interventions for young people 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 207 participants
  Very low
• Tobacco cessation interventions for young people 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 211 participants
  Very low
• Tobacco cessation interventions for young people 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 385 participants
  Very low

Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Mechanical ventilation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Probiotics vs control

It is very uncertain whether probiotics changes adverse Events: complete case compared with control (very low certainty).

• Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile‐associated diarrhea in adults and children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.71, 0.97]
  32 studies · 8305 participants
  Very low

Low dose calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) vs standard dose CNI

Low dose calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) showed no clear difference in adverse events: CMV infection compared with to standard dose CNI (moderate certainty).

• Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.23 [0.94, 1.62]
  6 studies · 1948 participants
  Moderate

Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI

Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal + mammalian target of… probably leads to lower adverse events: CMV Infection compared with standard dose CNI (moderate certainty).

• Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.6 [0.44, 0.82]
  13 studies · 2503 participants
  Moderate

Low dose CNI calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI

Low dose CNI calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) + mammalian target of… showed no clear difference in adverse events: CMV infection compared with standard dose CNI (low certainty).

• Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.41 [0.16, 1.06]
  5 studies · 1250 participants
  Low

Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal vs standard dose CNI

Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal showed no clear difference in adverse events: CMV infection compared with standard dose CNI (low certainty).

• Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.87 [0.52, 1.45]
  7 studies · 608 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: high‐dose urate oxidase vs low‐dose urate oxidase

Summary of findings: high‐dose urate oxidase showed no clear difference in frequency of adverse events ( compared with low‐dose urate oxidase (low certainty).

• Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.54 [0.12, 2.48]
  1 study · 29 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: urate oxidase vs allopurinol

Summary of findings: urate oxidase may leads to higher frequency of adverse events ( compared with allopurinol (low certainty).

• Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 9.1 [1.29, 64]
  3 studies · 345 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher adverse events (grade 3 or 4) (moderate certainty).

• Interleukin‐2 as an adjunct to antiretroviral therapy for HIV‐positive adults 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.47 [1.1, 1.96]
  6 studies · 6291 participants
  Moderate

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation + other intervention (e.g. exercise) vs other intervention alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Silodosin vs naftopidil

Silodosin showed no clear difference in cardiovascular adverse events compared with naftopidil (low certainty).

• Silodosin for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.41, 2.56]
  5 studies · 808 participants
  Low

Silodosin vs alfuzosin

Silodosin showed no clear difference in cardiovascular adverse events compared with alfuzosin (low certainty).

• Silodosin for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.67 [0.36, 1.24]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Low

Silodosin vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether silodosin changes cardiovascular adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Silodosin for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.28 [0.67, 2.45]
  4 studies · 1967 participants
  Very low

Silodosin vs tamsulosin

Silodosin showed no clear difference in cardiovascular adverse events compared with tamsulosin (low certainty).

• Silodosin for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.77 [0.53, 1.12]
  11 studies · 1955 participants
  Low

Corticosteroids vs control

Corticosteroid leads to lower adverse events ‐ hypertension compared with control (high certainty).

• Corticosteroids for Guillain‐Barré syndrome 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.15 [0.05, 0.41]
  2 studies · 467 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Stem cell therapy for chronic ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  34 studies · 1695 participants
  GRADE not reported

Lively Legs programme vs outpatient wound clinic

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for helping people adhere to compression treatments for venous leg ulceration 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Video education vs written education

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for helping people adhere to compression treatments for venous leg ulceration 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found