What do systematic reviews say?

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Electrical stimulation showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with pelvic floor muscle training (low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5 [0.25, 99.16]
  3 studies · 121 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs vaginal cones alone

Electrical stimulation showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with vaginal cones (low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.54 [0.11, 2.7]
  1 study · 52 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs PFMT plus vaginal cones

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 133 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation plus surgery vs surgery

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation plus surgery changes adverse effects compared with surgery (very low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.37, 2.72]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Very low

Electrical stimulation vs No active treatment (control)

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation changes adverse effects compared with no active treatment (very low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.96 [0.3, 118.7]
  3 studies · 103 participants
  Very low

Surface ES vs intravaginal ES

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Electrical stimulation vs sham

Electrical stimulation showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with sham treatment (low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.01 [0.52, 7.67]
  4 studies · 233 participants
  Low

Glass ionomer-based sealant vs Resin-based sealant

• Pit and fissure sealants for preventing dental decay in permanent teeth 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  One trial measured adverse effects. None reported.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Topical treatments (benzydamine hydrochloride oral rinse) vs placebo

• Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  short-term (up to 3 months) · benzydamine hydrochloride
  SoF9. Adverse effects: single study narratively reported that no adverse effects occurred from benzydamine hydrochloride oral rinse; 20 participants (1 RCT); very low.
  1 study · 20 participants
  Very low

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy plus standard care (surgery, antibiotics, oral rinse) vs Standard care alone (surgery, antibiotics, oral rinse)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for treating bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Psychological therapies (cognitive therapy) vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  short-term (up to 3 months)
  SoF8: No included study reported the occurrence of adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Mannitol vs placebo / no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Volume expanders for the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Human albumin vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Volume expanders for the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

HES vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Volume expanders for the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Corticosteroids showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Corticosteroids for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis) 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.71, 1.51]
  3 studies · 715 participants
  Moderate

Multi‐modal hand therapy vs normal activities and advice

Multi‐modal hand therapy showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with normal activities and advice (moderate certainty).

• Rehabilitation following carpal tunnel release 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.53 [0.05, 5.69]
  1 study · 150 participants
  Moderate

NSAIDs vs steroids

• Prophylactic non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for the prevention of macular oedema after cataract surgery 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 488 participants
  GRADE not reported

NSAIDS plus steroids vs steroids

• Prophylactic non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for the prevention of macular oedema after cataract surgery 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  18 studies · 18 participants
  GRADE not reported