Non-Cochrane · intervention · PM42058938
The Effect of Personalized Oral Health Education on Oral Hygiene Behavior and Periodontal Health: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.
Cai Yun, Wang Liping, Awang Raja Azman Raja · International journal of dentistry · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1155/ijod/7955459
Findings
33 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Frequency of toothbrushing All follow-up times pooled (1 to 9 months) | MD 1.15 [0.09, 2.21] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 1661 participants |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Gingival index (GI) 3 months · Follow-up 3 months | MD -0.04 [-0.07, -0.001] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Oral hygiene knowledge 1 month · Follow-up 1 month | MD 0.70 [-0.20, 1.59] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Frequency of toothbrushing 1 month · Follow-up 1 month | MD 1.17 [0.07, 2.28] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Oral hygiene knowledge All follow-up times (subgroup figure total) · Overall total of the follow-up subgroup analysis | MD 3.30 [2.72, 3.88] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Oral hygiene practice All follow-up times (subgroup figure total) · Overall total of the follow-up subgroup analysis | MD 1.01 [0.35, 1.66] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Frequency of toothbrushing 6 months · Follow-up 6 months | MD 2.26 [1.02, 3.49] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Plaque index (PI) 6 months · Follow-up 6 months | MD -0.38 [-0.49, -0.28] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Oral hygiene knowledge 9 months · Follow-up 9 months | MD 3.94 [3.55, 4.34] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Frequency of toothbrushing All follow-up times (subgroup figure total) · Overall total of the follow-up subgroup analysis | MD 1.53 [0.54, 2.51] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Plaque index (PI) All follow-up times pooled (1 to 9 months) | MD -0.42 [-0.63, -0.21] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 3344 participants |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Oral hygiene practice All follow-up times pooled (1 to 9 months) | MD 1.51 [0.77, 2.24] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 912 participants |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Oral hygiene attitude All follow-up times pooled (1 to 9 months) | MD 0.08 [0.02, 0.14] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 757 participants |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Oral hygiene practice 6 months · Follow-up 6 months | MD 1.14 [0.01, 2.27] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (children, adolescents and adults; periodontal patients or healthy subjects without periodontal treatment) | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Plaque index (PI) All follow-up times combined (1 to 9 months) · Overall of follow-up subgroup analysis (Figure S1) | MD -0.38 [-0.50, -0.25] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 4217 participants |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Oral hygiene knowledge All follow-up times pooled (1 to 9 months) | MD 2.14 [0.59, 3.69] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 1609 participants |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Plaque index (PI) 1 month · Follow-up 1 month | MD -0.26 [-0.52, 0.01] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Self-efficacy All follow-up times (subgroup figure total) · Overall total of the follow-up subgroup analysis | MD -0.05 [-0.30, 0.21] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Gingival index (GI) 6 months · Follow-up 6 months | MD -0.08 [-0.11, -0.05] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Plaque index (PI) 3 months · Follow-up 3 months | MD -0.27 [-0.32, -0.23] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Gingival index (GI) 9 months · Follow-up 9 months | MD -0.15 [-0.37, 0.07] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Gingival index (GI) 1 month · Follow-up 1 month | MD -0.30 [-0.51, -0.09] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Oral hygiene knowledge 6 months · Follow-up 6 months | MD 4.05 [3.58, 4.52] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Oral hygiene practice 3 months · Follow-up 3 months | MD 0.52 [-1.21, 2.26] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Self-efficacy 1 month · Follow-up 1 month | MD 0.15 [-0.05, 0.35] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Gingival index (GI) All follow-up times (subgroup figure total) · Overall total of the follow-up subgroup analysis | MD -0.11 [-0.18, -0.04] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Oral health-related quality of life All follow-up times pooled (1 to 9 months) | MD 8.46 [6.60, 10.32] GRADE not reported 1 study · 1543 participants |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Self-efficacy All follow-up times pooled (1 to 9 months) | MD -0.31 [-0.38, -0.25] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 1709 participants |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Plaque index (PI) 9 months · Follow-up 9 months | MD -0.64 [-0.86, -0.42] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Oral hygiene practice 9 months · Follow-up 9 months | MD 1.36 [0.41, 2.30] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Gingival index (GI) All follow-up times pooled (1 to 9 months) | MD -0.47 [-0.67, -0.27] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 1801 participants |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Frequency of dental floss usage All follow-up times pooled (1 to 9 months) | MD 1.97 [1.10, 2.83] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 284 participants |
| General population (healthy subjects or periodontal patients without periodontal treatment), mostly school children and adolescents | Personalized oral health education | Conventional (regular) oral health education | Self-efficacy 6 months · Follow-up 6 months | MD -0.31 [-0.38, -0.25] GRADE not reported 1 study |
Included primary studies 16
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gholami 2014 A Brief Self-Regulatory Intervention Increases Dental Flossing in Adolescent Girls. PMID:25549910 | 2015 | 2 other reviews | Self-efficacy; Frequency of dental floss usage | not extracted yet |
| Gholami 2015 A Brief Self-Regulatory Intervention Increases Dental Flossing in Adolescent Girls DOI:10.1007/s12529-014-9459-6 | 2014 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pai Khot 2023 Evaluation of a "Picture Assisted Illustration Reinforcement" (PAIR) System for Oral Hygiene in Children with Autism: A Double-Blind… PMID:36832499 | 2023 | 1 other review | Oral hygiene practice | not extracted yet |
| Saied-Moallemi 2009 School‐based intervention to promote preadolescents’ gingival health: a community trial DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2009.00491.x | 2009 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saied-Moallemi 2009 School-based intervention to promote preadolescents' gingival health: a community trial. PMID:19694774 | 2009 | 1 other review | Plaque index (PI); Gingival index (GI) | not extracted yet |
| Al Khamis 2017 The effect of dental health education on pregnant women's adherence with toothbrushing and flossing — A randomized control trial DOI:10.1111/cdoe.12311 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al Khamis 2017 The effect of dental health education on pregnant women's adherence with toothbrushing and flossing - A randomized control trial. PMID:28612363 | 2017 | this review only | Plaque index (PI); Gingival index (GI); Frequency of toothbrushing; Frequency of dental floss usage; Oral hygiene knowledge; Oral hygiene attitude | not extracted yet |
| D'Cruz 2012 Impact of oral health education on oral hygiene knowledge, practices, plaque control and gingival health of 13‐ to 15‐year‐old school… DOI:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2012.00563.x | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| D'Cruz 2012 Impact of oral health education on oral hygiene knowledge, practices, plaque control and gingival health of 13- to 15-year-old school… PMID:22747831 | 2013 | this review only | Plaque index (PI); Gingival index (GI); Oral hygiene knowledge; Oral hygiene practice | not extracted yet |
| Julien 1994 The effect of behaviour modification techniques on oral hygiene and gingival health of 10‐year‐old Canadian children DOI:10.1111/j.1365-263x.1994.tb00094.x | 1994 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Julien 1994 The effect of behaviour modification techniques on oral hygiene and gingival health of 10-year-old Canadian children. PMID:7748845 | 1994 | this review only | Plaque index (PI) | not extracted yet |
| Pai Khot 2023 Evaluation of a “Picture Assisted Illustration Reinforcement” (PAIR) System for Oral Hygiene in Children with Autism: A Double-Blind… DOI:10.3390/children10020369 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pakpour 2016 The Effects of Two Planning Interventions on the Oral Health Behavior of Iranian Adolescents: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial DOI:10.1007/s12160-015-9767-3 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pakpour 2016 The Effects of Two Planning Interventions on the Oral Health Behavior of Iranian Adolescents: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. PMID:26791023 | 2016 | this review only | Plaque index (PI); Self-efficacy; Oral health-related quality of life; Frequency of toothbrushing | not extracted yet |
| Walsh 1985 Effects of school‐based dental health education on knowledge, attitudes and behavior of adolescents in San Francisco DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1985.tb00430.x | 1985 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Walsh 1985 Effects of school-based dental health education on knowledge, attitudes and behavior of adolescents in San Francisco. PMID:3860334 | 1985 | this review only | Gingival index (GI); Oral hygiene knowledge; Oral hygiene attitude | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Periodontal patients or healthy subjects (general population); excluded systemic disease, medication affecting periodontium, and periodontal treatment during follow-up | Children, adolescents, pregnant women and school pupils aged 7 to 18 years or adults (n=3384 across 8 trials) |
| Intervention | Personalized oral health education | Lectures, toothbrushing demonstrations, planning and self-regulatory interventions, parent support, behavior modification programs, picture-assisted illustration (8 trials) |
| Comparison | No personalized oral health education (conventional or regular oral health education) | Regular or conventional oral health education |
| Outcomes | Plaque index, gingival index, frequency of brushing, oral hygiene knowledge (primary); self-efficacy, oral health-related quality of life, frequency of dental floss use, oral hygiene attitude, oral hygiene practice (secondary) | Plaque index (n=5 studies); gingival index (n=4); self-efficacy (n=2); oral health-related quality of life (n=1); brushing frequency (n=2); floss frequency (n=2); knowledge (n=3); attitude (n=2); practice (n=2) |
| Study designs | Randomized controlled trials | 8 randomized controlled trials |
| Timing | Not specified | Follow-up 1 to 27 months (subgroups at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months) |
AMSTAR 2 items
Two independent extractors rated each item. Their ratings are shown side by side because they have not been reconciled yet. The overall rating follows Shea et al. 2017: one critical flaw gives Low, more than one gives Critically Low.
| Item | Extractor A | Extractor B | Agree |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1Research question includes PICO components | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 2Protocol established before the reviewcritical | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | yes |
| 3Choice of study designs explained | No | No | yes |
| 4Comprehensive literature searchcritical | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | yes |
| 5Study selection in duplicate | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 6Data extraction in duplicate | No | No | yes |
| 7List of excluded studies with reasonscritical | No | No | yes |
| 8Included studies described in detail | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | yes |
| 9Risk of bias assessed satisfactorilycritical | RCT: Yes · NRSI: N/A | NRSI: N/A · RCT: Yes | no |
| 10Funding of included studies reported | No | No | yes |
| 11Appropriate meta-analysis methodscritical | RCT: No · NRSI: N/A | NRSI: N/A · RCT: No | no |
| 12Impact of risk of bias on the pooled results | No | No | yes |
| 13Risk of bias accounted for in interpretationcritical | No | No | yes |
| 14Heterogeneity explained | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 15Publication bias investigatedcritical | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 16Conflicts of interest reported | Yes | Yes | yes |
| Overall | Critically Low | Critically Low | yes |