Primary study · included by 2 reviews

Evaluation of a "Picture Assisted Illustration Reinforcement" (PAIR) System for Oral Hygiene in Children with Autism: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

Pai Khot 2023 · Pai Khot Atrey J, Choudhury Abhra Roy, Ankola Anil V, et al. · Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023

Included by

Oral Health Interventions in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventional Studies.

Non-Cochrane · intervention · 2025 · cited as Pai Khot 2023 · Table 2; reference list; Figures 5-6

Outcome this study informs	Pooled effect	Evidence	Certainty
Plaque index (PI) Oral health interventions (educational visual, verbal, booklet and procedural approaches; child and/or caregiver directed) vs Control or comparator interventions (e.g., conventional education, manual toothbrush, social story, passive video) · Last post-intervention measurement	SMD -0.73 [-1.02, -0.44]	9 studies · 754 participants	Low
Gingival index (GI) Oral health interventions (educational visual, verbal, booklet and procedural approaches; child and/or caregiver directed) vs Control or comparator interventions (e.g., conventional education, manual toothbrush, social story, passive video) · Last post-intervention measurement	SMD -0.74 [-1.34, -0.14]	6 studies · 563 participants	Low
Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) Oral health interventions (educational visual, verbal, booklet and procedural approaches; child and/or caregiver directed) vs Control or comparator interventions (e.g., conventional education, manual toothbrush, social story, passive video) · Last post-intervention measurement	SMD -1.386 [-1.843, -0.929]	NR	Low
Plaque indices combined (PI and OHI-S) Oral health interventions (educational visual, verbal, booklet/leaflet; procedural) vs Control or comparator (conventional education, other modes, or standard care)	SMD -1.12 [-1.58, -0.65]	11 studies · 794 participants	Low
Gingival index (GI) Oral health interventions (educational visual, verbal, booklet and procedural approaches; child and/or caregiver directed) vs Control or comparator interventions (e.g., conventional education, manual toothbrush, social story, passive video) · Last post-intervention measurement	SMD -0.92 [-1.52, -0.32]	5 studies · 503 participants	Low
Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) Oral health interventions (educational visual, verbal, booklet and procedural approaches; child and/or caregiver directed) vs Control or comparator interventions (e.g., conventional education, manual toothbrush, social story, passive video) · Last post-intervention measurement	SMD -1.44 [-2.79, -0.08]	4 studies · 287 participants	Low

The Effect of Personalized Oral Health Education on Oral Hygiene Behavior and Periodontal Health: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

Non-Cochrane · intervention · 2026 · cited as Pai Khot 2023 · Table 1; Figures 3 to 5

Outcome this study informs	Pooled effect	Evidence	Certainty
Oral hygiene practice Personalized oral health education vs Conventional (regular) oral health education · 6 months	MD 1.14 [0.01, 2.27]	1 study	GRADE not reported
Oral hygiene practice Personalized oral health education vs Conventional (regular) oral health education · All follow-up times (subgroup figure total)	MD 1.01 [0.35, 1.66]	1 study	GRADE not reported
Oral hygiene practice Personalized oral health education vs Conventional (regular) oral health education · All follow-up times pooled (1 to 9 months)	MD 1.51 [0.77, 2.24]	2 studies · 912 participants	GRADE not reported
Oral hygiene practice Personalized oral health education vs Conventional (regular) oral health education · 3 months	MD 0.52 [-1.21, 2.26]	1 study	GRADE not reported
Oral hygiene practice Personalized oral health education vs Conventional (regular) oral health education · 9 months	MD 1.36 [0.41, 2.30]	1 study	GRADE not reported

2 including reviews in total.