Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM41836929
Tooth loss and infrequent brushing significantly elevate gastric cancer risk: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis with heterogeneity exploration.
Ge Tangna, Cui Pingping, Ma Yuxin, et al. · Frontiers in medicine · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1761829
Findings
Population General population or case-control participants
42 findings
| Infrequent tooth brushing (least frequent brushing category) | Frequent tooth brushing (most frequent brushing category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Watabe 1998 | OR 1.32 [1.22, 1.44] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Infrequent tooth brushing (least frequent brushing category) | Frequent tooth brushing (most frequent brushing category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Yano 2021 | OR 1.32 [1.22, 1.44] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Infrequent tooth brushing (least frequent brushing category) | Frequent tooth brushing (most frequent brushing category) | Gastric cancer incidence Study design: cohort | OR 1.18 [1.08, 1.29] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Infrequent tooth brushing (least frequent brushing category) | Frequent tooth brushing (most frequent brushing category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Kobayashi 2019 | OR 1.33 [1.22, 1.44] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Infrequent tooth brushing (least frequent brushing category) | Frequent tooth brushing (most frequent brushing category) | Gastric cancer incidence Adjusted for smoking: no | OR 1.73 [1.29, 2.32] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Infrequent tooth brushing (least frequent brushing category) | Frequent tooth brushing (most frequent brushing category) | Gastric cancer incidence Study quality NOS >=7 | OR 1.52 [1.04, 2.22] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Infrequent tooth brushing (least frequent brushing category) | Frequent tooth brushing (most frequent brushing category) | Gastric cancer incidence Study design: case-control | OR 2.05 [1.52, 2.77] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Infrequent tooth brushing (least frequent brushing category) | Frequent tooth brushing (most frequent brushing category) | Gastric cancer incidence Overall | OR 1.55 [1.17, 2.05] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Infrequent tooth brushing (least frequent brushing category) | Frequent tooth brushing (most frequent brushing category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Lee 2020 | OR 1.92 [1.64, 2.25] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Infrequent tooth brushing (least frequent brushing category) | Frequent tooth brushing (most frequent brushing category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Zhang 2022 | OR 1.19 [1.09, 1.30] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Infrequent tooth brushing (least frequent brushing category) | Frequent tooth brushing (most frequent brushing category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: total row of sensitivity figure | OR 1.33 [1.22, 1.44] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Infrequent tooth brushing (least frequent brushing category) | Frequent tooth brushing (most frequent brushing category) | Gastric cancer incidence Study quality NOS <7 | OR 1.63 [1.08, 2.48] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Infrequent tooth brushing (least frequent brushing category) | Frequent tooth brushing (most frequent brushing category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Shakeri 2013 | OR 1.32 [1.21, 1.43] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Kang 2023 | OR 1.23 [1.13, 1.34] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Ndegwa 2018 (age 50) | OR 1.19 [1.12, 1.26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Watabe 1998 | OR 1.18 [1.11, 1.26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Yano 2021 (Mid, NC) | OR 1.20 [1.13, 1.27] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Geographic region: Europe and America | OR 1.68 [1.22, 2.32] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Yano 2021 | OR 1.19 [1.12, 1.26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Yano 2021 (Late, NC) | OR 1.20 [1.13, 1.27] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Anatomic subtype: gastric (site not specified) | OR 1.34 [1.12, 1.61] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Yano 2021 (Late, C) | OR 1.22 [1.15, 1.30] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Cardia gastric cancer incidence Anatomic subtype: cardia | OR 1.18 [0.92, 1.50] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Yano 2021 (Early, NC) | OR 1.20 [1.13, 1.27] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Yano 2021 (Mid, C) | OR 1.19 [1.12, 1.26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Zhang 2022 | OR 1.21 [1.13, 1.28] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Geographic region: Asia | OR 1.19 [1.07, 1.31] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Adjusted for smoking: no | OR 1.43 [1.12, 1.82] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Ndegwa 2018 (age 75) | OR 1.19 [1.12, 1.27] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Hiraki 2008 | OR 1.20 [1.13, 1.28] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Study quality NOS >=7 | OR 1.23 [1.11, 1.36] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Lo 2021 | OR 1.19 [1.12, 1.27] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Non-cardia gastric cancer incidence Anatomic subtype: non-cardia | OR 1.22 [1.01, 1.48] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Study design: case-control | OR 1.21 [0.88, 1.66] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Adjusted for smoking: yes | OR 1.19 [1.07, 1.31] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Overall | OR 1.25 [1.12, 1.39] GRADE not reported 10 studies |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Study quality NOS <7 | OR 1.30 [0.83, 2.04] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Abnet 2005 | OR 1.19 [1.12, 1.26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: total row of sensitivity figure | OR 1.20 [1.13, 1.27] GRADE not reported 10 studies |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Study design: cohort | OR 1.25 [1.12, 1.40] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Shakeri 2013 | OR 1.20 [1.13, 1.27] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tooth loss (highest category of teeth lost) | Least tooth loss (lowest category) | Gastric cancer incidence Leave-one-out: omitting Yano 2021 (Early, C) | OR 1.19 [1.12, 1.26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
Included primary studies 12
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hiraki 2008 Teeth loss and risk of cancer at 14 common sites in Japanese. PMID:18483345 | 2008 | 1 other review | Gastric cancer incidence | not extracted yet |
| Yano 2021 (Linxian, China) A long-term follow-up analysis of associations between tooth loss and multiple cancers in the Linxian General Population Cohort. PMID:35169767 | 2021 | 1 other review | Gastric cancer incidence | not extracted yet |
| Abnet 2005 Tooth loss is associated with increased risk of gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma in a cohort of Finnish smokers. PMID:16036528 | 2005 | this review only | Gastric cancer incidence | not extracted yet |
| Kang 2023 Associations between missing teeth and the risk of cancer in Korea: a nationwide cohort study. PMID:37353779 | 2023 | this review only | Gastric cancer incidence | not extracted yet |
| Kobayashi 2019 Frequency of Daily Tooth Brushing and Development of any Type of Malignancy. PMID:31366539 | 2019 | this review only | Gastric cancer incidence | not extracted yet |
| Lee 2020 Oral health and gastrointestinal cancer: A nationwide cohort study. PMID:32385894 | 2020 | this review only | Gastric cancer incidence | not extracted yet |
| Lo 2021 Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and risk of oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma: a prospective study. PMID:32690603 | 2021 | this review only | Gastric cancer incidence | not extracted yet |
| Ndegwa 2018 Association between poor oral health and gastric cancer: A prospective cohort study. PMID:29873081 | 2018 | this review only | Gastric cancer incidence | not extracted yet |
| Shakeri 2013 Association of tooth loss and oral hygiene with risk of gastric adenocarcinoma. PMID:23503651 | 2013 | this review only | Gastric cancer incidence | not extracted yet |
| Watabe 1998 Lifestyle and gastric cancer: a case-control study. PMID:9683833 | 1998 | this review only | Gastric cancer incidence | not extracted yet |
| Yano 2021 (Golestan, Iran) Oral Health and Risk of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers in a Large Prospective Study from a High-risk Region: Golestan Cohort Study. PMID:33731409 | 2021 | this review only | Gastric cancer incidence | not extracted yet |
| Zhang 2022 Poor oral hygiene behavior is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer: A population-based case-control study in China. PMID:34599526 | 2022 | this review only | Gastric cancer incidence | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
| Review | Shared studies | Jaccard |
|---|---|---|
| Associations of oral health with colorectal cancer risk: accumulated evidences from observational studies. (2026) | 2 | 0.08 |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Humans in case-control or cohort studies of gastric cancer | Cohort (n=8) and case-control (n=4) participants; Asia (n=9), America or Europe (n=3) |
| Intervention | Tooth brushing frequency (least frequent) and tooth loss (most teeth lost) | Infrequent tooth brushing (n=6 studies); tooth loss (n=10 studies) |
| Comparison | Most frequent brushing or least tooth loss | Most frequent brushing; least tooth loss |
| Outcomes | Gastric cancer incidence (cardia and non-cardia) | Gastric cancer incidence (n=12 studies) |
| Study designs | Case-control or cohort studies in English | Cohort (n=8); case-control (n=4) |
| Timing | Not specified | Not specified |