Non-Cochrane · prognostic · PM41620695
Closing the gap in oral hygiene: prevalence of twice-daily toothbrushing among adults in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Siddiqui Ammar Ahmed, Batool Aimen, Abideen Malik Zain Ul, et al. · BMC oral health · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1186/s12903-026-07794-w
Findings
6 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adults (>=18 years) in Saudi Arabia | Twice-daily toothbrushing (prevalence; no intervention) | None | Brushing teeth twice daily Not specified · Saudi Arabia (general population, students, patients) · Overall | Pooled prevalence (%) 44.6 [37.6, 51.8] GRADE not reported 18 studies · 11865 participants |
| Adults (>=18 years) in Saudi Arabia | Twice-daily toothbrushing (prevalence; no intervention) | None | Brushing teeth twice daily Not specified · Saudi Arabia (general population, students, patients) · Sensitivity analysis (8 studies) Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Adults (>=18 years) in Saudi Arabia | Twice-daily toothbrushing (prevalence; no intervention) | None | Brushing teeth twice daily Not specified · Saudi Arabia (general population, students, patients) · Male participants | Pooled prevalence (%) 12.2 [7.5, 18.0] GRADE not reported 9 studies |
| Saudi Arabian adults (>=18 years) | Not applicable (prevalence review) | Not applicable | Prevalence of twice-daily toothbrushing Saudi Arabia · Sensitivity analysis (8 studies retained, Supplementary Figure 2) Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Adults (>=18 years) in Saudi Arabia | Twice-daily toothbrushing (prevalence; no intervention) | None | Brushing teeth twice daily Not specified · Saudi Arabia (general population, students, patients) · Female participants | Pooled prevalence (%) 25.8 [15.8, 37.3] GRADE not reported 9 studies |
| Adults (>=18 years) in Saudi Arabia | Twice-daily toothbrushing (prevalence; no intervention) | None | Brushing teeth for the recommended two minutes Not specified · Saudi Arabia (general population, students, patients) · Overall (two-minute brushing duration) | Pooled prevalence (%) 45.3 [20.5, 71.4] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
Included primary studies 33
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkahtani 2019 Oral Health Status, Treatment Needs and Oral Health Related Quality of Life among Hearing Impaired Adults in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. PMID:31358720 | 2019 | 1 other review | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Ahmad 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Ahmed 2023 Assessment of Oral Health Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and DMFT Scores among Patients at King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa. PMID:37109646 | 2023 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Al Mulla 2010 Modified fluoride toothpaste technique reduces caries in orthodontic patients: A longitudinal, randomized clinical trial. PMID:20816297 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Hammadi 2018 Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior Related to Use of Miswak (Chewing Stick): A Cross-Sectional Study from Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. PMID:29962766 | 2018 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Al-Khalifa 2020 The Prevalence of Tooth Wear in an Adult Population from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. PMID:33235511 | 2020 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Al-Otaibi 2003 Prevailing oral hygiene practices among urban Saudi Arabians in relation to age, gender and socio-economic background. PMID:14582588 | 2003 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Zain 2023 Attitude, Practice, and Knowledge Regarding Fluoridated Toothpaste, Brushing, and Rinse Usage Among Residents of Jeddah City in Saudi… PMID:36636286 | 2023 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Albisher 2021 Oral Health Knowledge among Private Primary School Teachers in Riyadh City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia DOI:10.51847/fhjzmuqxob | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Almassri 2019 Knowledge, Awareness about Dental Flossing Among Adult Population in Saudi Arabia DOI:10.36348/sjodr.2019.v04i12.001 | 2019 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Almassri 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Alshahrani 2021 Perception and Knowledge of Patients from Different Regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia towards Oral Hygiene and Oral Hygiene Aids DOI:10.3390/healthcare9050592 | 2021 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Alshawy 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Asa'ad 2015 Periodontal disease awareness among pregnant women in the central and eastern regions of Saudi Arabia. PMID:23946249 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Atassi 2010 Oral hygiene status among orthodontic patients. PMID:20953561 | 2010 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Dar-Odeh 2017 Factors affecting oral health determinants in female university students: a cross-sectional survey in Saudi Arabia. PMID:28782348 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| El Tantawi 2017 Disability and the impact of need for periodontal care on quality of life: A cross-sectional study. PMID:28635358 | 2017 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Elmahdi 2023 Assessment of Periodontal Health Among Removable and Fixed Partial Denture Wearers in Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia. PMID:37138499 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Farsi 2020 Oral Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Among University Students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. PMID:33235510 | 2020 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Hamasha 2018 Gender-specific oral health beliefs and behaviors among adult patients attending King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh. PMID:29942107 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jamjoom 2000 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kinda 2023 The Impact of COVID-19 Quarantine Measures on Oral Hygiene Practices Among the General Public in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia: A… PMID:38060703 | 2023 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Linjawi 2019 Impact of Dental Visits on Oral Health Awareness in Saudi Arabia. PMID:31597796 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mahjoub 2023 Oral hygiene awareness and practice in orthodontic patients in Makkah city: A cross sectional study. PMID:37351389 | 2023 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Mannaa 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Najmuddin 2023 Oral Hygiene Knowledge, Practice, and Awareness among Jazan Population of Saudi Arabia DOI:10.1055/s-0043-1771532 | 2023 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Najmuddin 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Rajeh 2022 (theory of planned behavior) Modeling the theory of planned behavior to predict adults' intentions to improve oral health behaviors. PMID:35858885 | 2022 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Rajeh 2022a Modeling the theory of planned behavior to predict adults’ intentions to improve oral health behaviors DOI:10.1186/s12889-022-13796-4 | 2022 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Rajeh 2022b Gender Differences in Oral Health Knowledge and Practices Among Adults in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. PMID:35957700 | 2022 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Siddiqui 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wyne 2015 Oral health knowledge of health care workers in special children's center. PMID:25878636 | 2015 | this review only | Brushing teeth twice daily | not extracted yet |
| Yadiki 2022 Oral health knowledge and practices among healthcare students of Al-Jouf province, Saudi Arabia. PMID:36510970 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
| Review | Shared studies | Jaccard |
|---|---|---|
| Disabilities and Disparities in Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Saudi Arabia. (2024) | 1 | 0.02 |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Adults >=18 years from the general population of Saudi Arabia | Saudi adults (n=17,734 across 29 studies; 18 studies, n=11,865 in meta-analysis) |
| Intervention | Not applicable (prevalence review; condition: toothbrushing practice) | Not applicable |
| Comparison | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Outcomes | Frequency of toothbrushing (prevalence of twice-daily brushing) | Prevalence of twice-daily toothbrushing 44.6% (95% CI 37.6-51.8%); 2-minute brushing 45.3% |
| Study designs | Observational studies (cohort, cross-sectional, national/oral health surveys) | 29-30 studies, all cross-sectional except one RCT |
| Timing | Studies published up to April 2024 | Studies published 2000/2001 to 2024 |