What do systematic reviews say?

Sedation (sedative agents administered via any route) vs General anaesthesia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Sedation versus general anaesthesia for provision of dental treatment to patients younger than 18 years 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 52 participants
  Very low

Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 131 participants
  Very low

Scalp infiltration vs placebo or control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Scalp block vs placebo or control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

NSAIDs vs control or placebo medications

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Multiple vs double‐injection technique

Multiple showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with double‐injection technique (high certainty).

• Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.55, 1.03]
  7 studies · 716 participants
  High

Double vs single‐injection technique

Double showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with single‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

• Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.64 [0.31, 1.31]
  2 studies · 129 participants
  Moderate

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Multiple showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with single‐injection technique (high certainty).

• Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.7 [0.41, 1.19]
  5 studies · 482 participants
  High

Transdermal or intranasal nicotine vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes sedation score compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 148 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 80 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Sedative techniques for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 360 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network meta‐analysis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  117 studies · 21440 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network meta‐analysis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 2402 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network meta‐analysis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 850 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network meta‐analysis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  36 studies · 6092 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network meta‐analysis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 278 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network meta‐analysis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 581 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network meta‐analysis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 98 participants
  Low