What do systematic reviews say?

Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention

Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth showed no clear difference in preterm birth < 37 weeks' gestation compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

• Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.32, 2.67]
  4 studies · 518 participants
  Low

Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention

• Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 287 participants
  Very low

Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention

• Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 207 participants
  Low

Nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or short), or nasal masks) vs face mask

Nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or… showed no clear difference in the need for supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks' corrected gestational… compared with face mask (low certainty).

• Nasal interfaces for neonatal resuscitation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.8, 1.4]
  2 studies · 507 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to lower necrotising enterocolitis prior to hospital discharge (low certainty).

• Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81
  13 studies · 1507 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality prior to hospital discharge (low certainty).

• Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.7, 1.36]
  12 studies · 1399 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to lower feed intolerance prior to hospital discharge (low certainty).

• Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.68, 0.97]
  6 studies · 581 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher invasive infection prior to hospital discharge (moderate certainty).

• Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.44 [1.15, 1.8]
  7 studies · 872 participants
  Moderate