Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

174 questions · 188 findings · 39 reviews

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No studies found 23 · 12.2%GRADE not reported 47 · 25%Very low 31 · 16.5%Low 51 · 27.1%Moderate 33 · 17.6%High 3 · 1.6%

Longer vs shorter duration of nicotine patch therapy

Smoking cessation · people who smoke

1 finding from 1 review

Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 7078 participants
Low

Longer vs shorter duration of nicotine patch therapy

Overall serious adverse events · people who smoke

1 finding from 1 review

Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 1173 participants
Very low

Longer vs shorter duration of nicotine patch therapy

Treatment withdrawal · people who smoke

1 finding from 1 review

Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 648 participants
Very low

Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy

Smoking cessation ‐ 16 weeks versus 8 weeks · people who smoke

It is very uncertain whether longer changes smoking cessation ‐ 16 weeks versus 8 weeks compared with shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.75, 1.23]
1 study · 637 participants
Very low

Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy

Smoking cessation · people who smoke

Longer showed no clear difference in smoking cessation ‐ 6 weeks versus 2 weeks compared with shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.94, 1.31]
1 study · 987 participants
Low

Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy

SAEs · people who smoke

It is very uncertain whether longer changes overall SAEs ‐ 26 weeks versus 8 weeks compared with shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy (very low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.63 [0.6, 4.42]
1 study · 544 participants
Very low
Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 637 participants
Very low
Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 987 participants
Very low

Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy

Treatment withdrawal · people who smoke

1 finding from 1 review

Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Longer‐term vs shorter‐term duration of use of topical corticosteroid

Clinician‐reported signs of eczema · people with eczema

1 finding from 1 review

Strategies for using topical corticosteroids in children and adults with eczema 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Longer‐term vs shorter‐term duration of use of topical corticosteroid

Patient‐reported symptoms of eczema · people with eczema

1 finding from 1 review

Strategies for using topical corticosteroids in children and adults with eczema 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Longer‐term vs shorter‐term duration of use of topical corticosteroid

Adverse effects: local · people with eczema

1 finding from 1 review

Strategies for using topical corticosteroids in children and adults with eczema 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Longer‐term vs shorter‐term duration of use of topical corticosteroid

Systemic adverse events at · people with eczema

1 finding from 1 review

Strategies for using topical corticosteroids in children and adults with eczema 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Tobacco: Longer vs shorter cigarettes

Consumption · children and adults

1 finding from 1 review

Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
108 participants
Low

Tobacco: Longer vs shorter cigarettes

‐ Consumption among children · children and adults

1 finding from 1 review

Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported

Tobacco: Longer vs shorter cigarettes

‐ Consumption among adults · children and adults

1 finding from 1 review

Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
108 participants
Low

Tobacco: Longer vs shorter cigarettes

Selection with or without purchase · children and adults

1 finding from 1 review

Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported

Tobacco: Longer vs shorter cigarettes

‐ Selection with or without purchase among children · children and adults

1 finding from 1 review

Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported

Tobacco: Longer vs shorter cigarettes

‐ Selection with or without purchase among adults · children and adults

1 finding from 1 review

Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported

Longer self‐certification vs shorter self‐certification

CBA: Average duration of sickness absence periods in days · workers

2 findings from 1 review

Self‐certification versus physician certification of sick leave for reducing sickness absence and associated costs 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 237391 participants
Low
Self‐certification versus physician certification of sick leave for reducing sickness absence and associated costs 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 1869 participants
Very low

Longer self‐certification vs shorter self‐certification

CBA: Number of sickness absence periods per worker · workers

2 findings from 1 review

Self‐certification versus physician certification of sick leave for reducing sickness absence and associated costs 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 237391 participants
Low
Self‐certification versus physician certification of sick leave for reducing sickness absence and associated costs 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 1869 participants
Very low

Longer self‐certification vs shorter self‐certification

CBA: Average lost work time per 100 person‐years · workers

2 findings from 1 review

Self‐certification versus physician certification of sick leave for reducing sickness absence and associated costs 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 237391 participants
Low
Self‐certification versus physician certification of sick leave for reducing sickness absence and associated costs 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 17114 participants
Very low