What do systematic reviews say?

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

It is very uncertain whether timing of wound closure (immediate changes deep surgical site infection compared with delayed) (very low certainty).

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.37, 1.8]
  2 studies · 458 participants
  Very low

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

It is very uncertain whether timing of wound closure (immediate changes delayed union or non‐union compared with delayed) (very low certainty).

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [0.83, 1.55]
  1 study · 387 participants
  Very low

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

It is very uncertain whether timing of wound closure (immediate changes adverse events ‐ superficial infection compared with delayed) (very low certainty).

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 6.45 [0.35, 120.43]
  1 study · 71 participants
  Very low

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments)

• Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people living in the… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 2357 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher fear of falling3 Immediately post intervention (low certainty).

• Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  SMD 0.37 [0.18, 0.56]
  24 studies · 1692 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes no or only mild elbow pain Immediate (post aspiration or at an… (very low certainty).

• Aspiration of the elbow joint for treating radial head fractures 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 6.17 [1.97, 19.36]
  1 study · 28 participants
  Very low