Food intake · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Food marketing was associated with a significant increase in children's food intake (pooled SMD, 0.25; combined RCT and nonrandomized evidence).
3 findings from 1 review
Food preference · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Food marketing was associated with increased food preference (pooled SMD, 0.30; combined evidence).
3 findings from 1 review
Food choice · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Food marketing probably increases children's choice of the marketed food (OR, 1.97; moderate certainty, RCTs).
3 findings from 1 review
Food purchasing · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Food marketing showed no clear association with food purchasing by or for children (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
No clear evidence of association with purchasing. Vote counting: any association of public health harm in 2 of 5 studies (40%; 95% CI, 7.3%-83.0%); all 3 observational NRSs found an association (2 harm, 1 benefit),…
5 studies
Very low
Dental caries · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Evidence on food marketing and dental caries is very uncertain (very low certainty); 1 of 2 studies found an association.
1 finding from 1 review
Purchase requests · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Nonrandomized evidence on purchase requests is very uncertain (very low certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
A single observational study contributed to the combination-of-P-values analysis for purchase requests.
1 study
Very low
Combination of P values statistically significant in both model iterations, indicating evidence of an association of food marketing with purchase requests.
5 studies
Moderate
Body weight / BMI · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Evidence on food marketing and body weight is very uncertain (very low certainty); a single study found no association.
1 finding from 1 review
Diet-related noncommunicable diseases · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
No eligible studies were found.
1 finding from 1 review
Food choice · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
In crossover studies with binary outcomes, food marketing had no clear association with food choice (OR 3.45, 95% CI 0.97 to 12.43; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 3.45 [0.97, 12.43]
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Food purchasing · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Across five studies, 40% showed any association of potential public health harm for food purchasing (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Food preference · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
In crossover studies with binary outcomes, food marketing increased food preference (OR 3.49, 95% CI 2.03 to 6.22; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 3.49 [2.03, 6.22]
4 studies
GRADE not reported
Dental caries · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Across two studies, 50% showed any association of potential public health harm for dental caries (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review