What do systematic reviews say?

Fluoride mouthwash vs Blank control

Long-term fluoride mouthwash showed mixed plaque-index effects, with very low-certainty evidence.

• The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes

  ≥ 12 months
  PI was similar to blank control [37]; API was slightly reduced compared to blank control and significant at 6 and 9 months [59].
  2 studies
  Very low
• The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes

  ≤ 3 months
  TI was significantly reduced compared to baseline [34]; PI was significantly reduced compared to baseline but similar to blank control [46].
  2 studies
  Very low

Fluoride mouthwash vs Blank control

Long-term (>=12 months) fluoride mouthwash may make little or no difference to Lactobacilli colony counts versus blank control (very low certainty).

• The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes

  >=12 months (long-term) · Orthodontic patients undergoing orthodontic treatment (randomized controlled trials; multiple countries)
  Colony count of LB was similar to blank control according to two studies [37, 59].
  2 studies
  Very low

Chlorhexidine mouthwash vs Blank control

Chlorhexidine mouthwash may reduce the Gingival Index versus blank control in the short term (WMD -0.54, 95% CI -0.96 to -0.13), but with very high heterogeneity the evidence is very uncertain (very low certainty).

• The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes

  <=3 months (short-term) · Orthodontic patients undergoing orthodontic treatment (randomized controlled trials; multiple countries)
  WMD -0.54 [-0.96, -0.13]
  6 studies · 274 participants
  Very low

Herbal mouthwash vs placebo

Herbal mouthwash reduced gingival inflammation-related indices versus placebo, but certainty is very low.

• The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes

  ≤ 3 months
  GBI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [41]; GBI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [56]; BI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [40].
  3 studies
  Very low

CCPT vs PEP

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 169 participants
  Very low

CCPT vs extrapulmonary mechanical percussion

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 151 participants
  Very low

CCPT vs extrapulmonary mechanical percussion

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 151 participants
  Very low

CCPT vs extrapulmonary mechanical percussion

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 151 participants
  Very low

CCPT vs extrapulmonary mechanical percussion

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 131 participants
  Very low

CCPT vs extrapulmonary mechanical percussion

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

CCPT vs ACBT

It is very uncertain whether CCPT changes FEV1: annual decline in FEV1 % predicted compared with ACBT (very low certainty).

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 2.8
  1 study · 63 participants
  Very low

CCPT vs ACBT

It is very uncertain whether CCPT changes FVC: annual decline in FVC % predicted compared with ACBT (very low certainty).

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 1.8
  1 study · 63 participants
  Very low

CCPT vs ACBT

It is very uncertain whether CCPT changes FEF25–75: annual decline in FEF25–75 % predicted compared with ACBT (very low certainty).

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 6 [0.55, 11.45]
  1 study · 63 participants
  Very low

CCPT vs ACBT

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

CCPT vs ACBT

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

CCPT vs PEP

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 169 participants
  Very low

CCPT vs ACBT

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

CCPT vs ACBT

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

CCPT vs O‐PEP devices

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 185 participants
  Very low

CCPT vs O‐PEP devices

• Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 185 participants
  Very low