Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,543 questions · 2,589 findings · 168 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 601 · 23.2%GRADE not reported 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

ASENAPINE vs placebo

Adverse effects: Incidence of serious adverse effects · adults with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ASENAPINE changes adverse effects: Incidence of serious adverse effects compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ASENAPINE vs placebo

Adverse effects: 1. Clinically significant extrapyramidal side effects (2‐10 weeks) vs. standard higher dose (> 7.5‐15 mg/day) · adults with schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

ASENAPINE vs placebo

Leaving the study early · adults with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ASENAPINE changes leaving the study early ‐ any reason compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CHLORPROMAZINE vs placebo

Global state: no overall improvement (psychiatrist ‐ rated) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether CHLORPROMAZINE changes global state: no overall improvement (psychiatrist ‐ rated) compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CHLORPROMAZINE vs placebo

Behaviour: deteriorated/ disturbed/un‐cooperative · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether CHLORPROMAZINE changes behaviour: deteriorated/ disturbed/un‐cooperative compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SHORT vs LONG HOSPITAL STAY

No clinically important changes in specific symptoms ‐ positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (long term) Mental state: Not improved ‐ by 2 years ‐ as measured by PEF scale PEF scale · patients with people with severe mental illnesses

It is very uncertain whether SHORT changes no clinically important changes in specific symptoms ‐ positive and… compared with LONG HOSPITAL STAY (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SHORT vs LONG HOSPITAL STAY

Service outcomes: 3. Leaving hospital prematurely ‐ by 2 years Participants leaving the study prematurely · patients with people with severe mental illnesses

SHORT showed no clear difference in service outcomes: 3. Leaving hospital prematurely ‐ by 2 years… compared with LONG HOSPITAL STAY (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SHORT vs LONG HOSPITAL STAY

Service outcomes: 4. Discharge delayed beyond the time planned in study ‐ 2‐year data Number of participants kept beyond projected time of discharge · patients with people with severe mental illnesses

SHORT may leads to lower service outcomes: 4. Discharge delayed beyond the time planned in… compared with LONG HOSPITAL STAY (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SHORT vs LONG HOSPITAL STAY

General functioning: Unemployed, unable to housekeep or unknown employment status ‐ by 2 years Number of participants with poor occupational functioning in 2 years · patients with people with severe mental illnesses

It is very uncertain whether SHORT changes general functioning: Unemployed, unable to housekeep or unknown… compared with LONG HOSPITAL STAY (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Leaving the study early · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics changes acceptability of treatment Leaving the study early due to any reason compared with placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Mental state: No clinically important improvement · patients with schizophrenia

Adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in no clinically important change in general mental state Scale used:… compared with placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review