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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
780 questions in 55 reviews · Public Health
current versionsNo studies 162 · 20.8%Ungraded 52 · 6.7%Very low 231 · 29.6%Low 191 · 24.5%Moderate 122 · 15.6%High 22 · 2.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs no intervention or usual care Increased weight concern · children aged 6 to 12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 285 participants | High |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs no intervention or usual care Body satisfaction · children aged 6 to 12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1128 participants | High |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs no intervention or usual care Visits to a healthcare provider · children aged 6 to 12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs no intervention or usual care Adverse events related to taking of blood samples · children aged 6 to 12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 4603 participants | Moderate |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs no intervention or usual care Underweight · children aged 6 to 12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 724 participants | Moderate |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs no intervention or usual care Injuries · children aged 6 to 12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Physical activity interventions vs control Body‐mass index z score (zBMI) · children aged 0‐5 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1053 participants | High |
Diet interventions vs control Body‐mass index (BMI) · children aged 13‐18 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 294 participants | Low |
Physical activity interventions vs control Body‐mass index z score (zBMI) · children aged 13‐18 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Physical activity interventions vs control Body‐mass index (BMI) · children aged 13‐18 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 720 participants | Very low |
Adverse events outcomes for physical activity interventions vs control Body satisfaction · children aged 13‐18 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 190 participants | Low |
Adverse events outcomes for physical activity interventions vs control Unhealthy weight gain · children aged 13‐18 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 546 participants | Moderate |
Adverse events outcomes for physical activity interventions vs control Self‐acceptance/self‐worth · children aged 13‐18 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 546 participants | Moderate |
Adverse events outcomes for physical activity interventions vs control Binge eating · children aged 13‐18 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 556 participants | Moderate |
Diet and physical activity interventions combined vs control Body‐mass index z score (zBMI) · children aged 13‐18 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 16543 participants | Low |
Diet and physical activity interventions combined vs control Body‐mass index (BMI) · children aged 13‐18 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 16583 participants | Low |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control Depression · children aged 13‐18 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 779 participants | High |
Diet and physical activity interventions combined vs control Body‐mass index z score (zBMI) · children aged 0‐5 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 6261 participants | Moderate |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control Clinical levels of shape and weight concern · children aged 13‐18 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 282 participants | Low |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control Anxiety · children aged 13‐18 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 779 participants | High |
Dietary interventions vs physical activity interventions Body‐mass index (BMI) · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 4917 participants | High |
Dietary interventions vs physical activity interventions Body‐mass index z score (zBMI) · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1205 participants | High |
Diet and physical activity interventions combined vs physical activity interventions alone Body‐mass index (BMI) · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 3946 participants | High |
Diet and physical activity interventions combined vs physical activity interventions alone Body‐mass index z score (zBMI) · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 3946 participants | High |
Dietary interventions alone vs diet and physical activity interventions combined Body‐mass index (BMI) · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 3971 participants | High |
Dietary interventions alone vs diet and physical activity interventions combined Body‐mass index z score (zBMI) · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 3971 participants | High |
Diet and physical activity interventions combined vs control Body‐mass index (BMI) · children aged 0‐5 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 5536 participants | Moderate |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control Insufficient weight gain in infants · children aged 0 to 5 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Very low |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control Physical injuries · children aged 0 to 5 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 652 participants | Low |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control Adverse events · children aged 0 to 5 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 983 participants | Low |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control Infections · children aged 0 to 5 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 709 participants | Low |
Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) Anaemia (defined as haemoglobin below the WHO cut‐off, adjusted for altitude as appropriate) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women) from any country Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.54, 0.97] | 7 studies · 1634 participants | Low |
Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) Iron deficiency (as defined by study authors, based on a biomarker of iron status) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women) from any country Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.51, 0.84] | 8 studies · 1733 participants | Low |
Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) Haemoglobin concentration (in g/L) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women) from any country Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 2163 participants | Low |
Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) Vitamin A deficiency (as defined by the study authors) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women) from any country Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.36, 1.29] | 4 studies · 927 participants | Low |
Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) Serum or plasma folate (nmol/L) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women) from any country Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 215 participants | Low |
Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) Any adverse effects (hookworm infection risk) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women) from any country Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.78 [1.18, 2.7] | 1 study · 785 participants | Low |
Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) Diarrhoea (as defined by study authors) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women) from any country Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.52 [0.18, 67.39] | 1 study · 258 participants | Very low |
Rice fortified with vitamin A alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) Haemoglobin concentration (g/L) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women) from any country Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Low |
Rice fortified with vitamin A alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) Serum or plasma retinol (µmol/L) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women) from any country Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Low |
Staple foods fortified with vitamin A vs same unfortified staple foods Serum/plasma retinol (μmol/L) · general population above 2 years of age Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1829 participants | Very low |
Staple foods fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs same unfortified staple foods All‐cause mortality · general population over 2 years of age Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Staple foods fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs same unfortified staple foods All‐cause morbidity · general population over 2 years of age Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Staple foods fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs same unfortified staple foods Any adverse effects (e.g. hypervitaminosis A, as defined by the trialists) · general population over 2 years of age Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs no intervention Serum/plasma retinol (μmol/L) · general population over 2 years of age Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 318 participants | Low |
Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs no intervention Subclinical vitamin A deficiency (serum/plasma retinol 0.70 μmol/L or less) · general population over 2 years of age Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.52, 0.98] | 2 studies · 318 participants | Very low |
Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs no intervention Clinical vitamin A deficiency (as defined by night blindness) · general population over 2 years of age Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs no intervention All‐cause mortality · general population over 2 years of age Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs no intervention All‐cause morbidity · general population over 2 years of age Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs no intervention Any adverse effects (e.g. hypervitaminosis A, as defined by the trialists) · general population over 2 years of age Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |