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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
775 questions in 58 reviews · Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma
current versionsNo studies 166 · 21.4%Ungraded 24 · 3.1%Very low 356 · 45.9%Low 162 · 20.9%Moderate 47 · 6.1%High 20 · 2.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Surgical vs conservative interventions Total of participants with adverse event outcomel · adults with acute fracture of the middle third of the clavicle Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating fractures of the middle third of the clavicle (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [0.68, 2.64] | 14 studies · 1317 participants | Very low |
Surgical vs conservative interventions Health‐related quality of life: SF‐36 or SF‐12 physical component score at 1 year (0 to 100 points, 100 is best) · adults with acute fracture of the middle third of the clavicle Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating fractures of the middle third of the clavicle (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 321 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: exercise (all types) vs control (e.g. usual activities) Rate of falls (falls per person‐years) · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.77 [0.71, 0.83] | 59 studies · 12981 participants | High |
Summary of findings: balance and functional exercises vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures. · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.25, 0.76] | 7 studies · 2139 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: balance and functional exercises vs control (e.g. usual activities) Adverse events · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 4167 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: resistance exercises vs control (e.g. usual activities) Rate of falls (falls per person‐years) · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 1.14 [0.67, 1.97] | 5 studies · 327 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: resistance exercises vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced 1 or more falls · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.57, 1.15] | 2 studies · 163 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: resistance exercises vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced 1 or more fall‐related fractures · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.14, 6.49] | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: resistance exercises vs control (e.g. usual activities) Adverse events · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: 3D (Tai Chi) exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities) Rate of falls (falls per person‐year) · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.81 [0.67, 0.99] | 7 studies · 2655 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: 3D (Tai Chi) exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one or more falls · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.7, 0.91] | 8 studies · 2677 participants | High |
Summary of findings: 3D (Tai Chi) exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: 3D (Tai Chi) exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities) Adverse events · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 474 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: exercise (all types) vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one or more falls · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.81, 0.89] | 63 studies · 13518 participants | High |
Summary of findings: 3D (dance) exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities) Rate of falls (falls per person‐years) · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 1.34 [0.98, 1.83] | 1 study · 522 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: 3D (dance) exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one or more falls · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [0.83, 2.2] | 1 study · 522 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: 3D (dance) exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: 3D (dance) exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities) Adverse events · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 522 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: walking programme (general physical activity) vs control (e.g. usual activities) Rate of falls (falls per person‐years) · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 1.14 [0.66, 1.97] | 2 studies · 441 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: walking programme (general physical activity) vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one or more falls · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.71, 1.54] | 2 studies · 441 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: walking programme (general physical activity) vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.11, 3.76] | 1 study · 97 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: walking programme (general physical activity) vs control (e.g. usual activities) Adverse events · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multiple categories of exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities) Rate of falls (falls per person‐years) · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.66 [0.5, 0.88] | 11 studies · 1374 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: multiple categories of exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one or more falls · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.64, 0.96] | 17 studies · 1623 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: exercise (all types) vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.56, 0.95] | 10 studies · 4047 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: multiple categories of exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.62, 1.16] | 3 studies · 1810 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: multiple categories of exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities) Adverse events · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1177 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: exercise (all types) vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one of more falls that resulted in hospital admission · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.51, 1.18] | 2 studies · 1705 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: exercise (all types) vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one or more falls that required medical attention. · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.47, 0.79] | 5 studies · 1019 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: exercise (all types) vs control (e.g. usual activities) Health‐related quality of life · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 3172 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: exercise (all types) vs control (e.g. usual activities) Adverse events · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 27 studies · 6019 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: balance and functional exercises vs control (e.g. usual activities) Rate of falls (falls per person‐years) · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.76 [0.7, 0.81] | 39 studies · 7920 participants | High |
Summary of findings: balance and functional exercises vs control (e.g. usual activities) Number of people who experienced one of more falls · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.82, 0.91] | 37 studies · 8288 participants | High |
Summary of findings: Exercise vs usual care Rate of falls Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 2002 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Risk of falling Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.76, 1.12] | 4 studies · 4512 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Risk of fracture Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.58, 2.03] | 3 studies · 4464 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse events Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | RR 4.84 [0.24, 98.9] | 2 studies · 747 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care Rate of falls Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 3439 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care Risk of falling Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.81, 1.05] | 9 studies · 3153 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care Risk of fracture Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.3, 2.07] | 5 studies · 2160 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care Adverse events Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 312 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Additional exercise plus physiotherapy vs usual physiotherapy Rate of falls Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 215 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Additional exercise plus physiotherapy vs usual physiotherapy Risk of falling Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.14, 0.93] | 2 studies · 83 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Additional exercise plus physiotherapy vs usual physiotherapy Risk of fracture · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Exercise vs usual care Risk of falling Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.88, 1.18] | 10 studies · 2090 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Additional exercise plus physiotherapy vs usual physiotherapy Adverse events Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 161 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Bed alarms vs usual care Rate of falls Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 28649 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Bed alarms vs usual care Risk of falling Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.38, 2.24] | 2 studies · 28649 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Bed alarms vs usual care Risk of fracture · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Bed alarms vs usual care Adverse events Length of · and Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 27742 participants | Very low |