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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
775 questions in 58 reviews · Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma
current versionsNo studies 166 · 21.4%Ungraded 24 · 3.1%Very low 356 · 45.9%Low 162 · 20.9%Moderate 47 · 6.1%High 20 · 2.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Medication or nutrition fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Rate of falls · community‐dwelling older adults ≥ 65 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Number of people experiencing 1 or more fall‐related injuries Measured using questionnaire data (self‐reported) · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1422 participants | Very low |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Number of people experiencing 1 or more fall‐related fractures Measured using questionnaire data (self‐reported) · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1422 participants | Very low |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Number of people experiencing 1 or more falls resulting in hospital admission Measured using hospital records · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7179 participants | Very low |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Adverse events · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Cost‐effectiveness (economic analysis) · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from non‐randomised trials Rate of falls Measured using questionnaire data (self‐reported) or hospital records · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4197 participants | Very low |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from non‐randomised trials Number of fallers Measured using questionnaire data (self‐reported) · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3047 participants | Very low |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from non‐randomised trials Number of people experiencing 1 or more fall‐related injuries Measured using healthcare centre records · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 67300 participants | Very low |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from non‐randomised trials Number of people experiencing 1 or more fall‐related fractures Measured using hospital injury record system · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 24365 participants | Very low |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from non‐randomised trials Number of people experiencing 1 or more falls resulting in hospital admission Measured using hospital records · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Medication or nutrition fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Number of fallers · community‐dwelling older adults ≥ 65 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from non‐randomised trials Adverse events · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from non‐randomised trials Cost‐effectiveness (economic analysis) Measured using healthcare records · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 163683 participants | Very low |
Medication or nutrition fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Number of people experiencing 1 or more fall‐related injuries · community‐dwelling older adults ≥ 65 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Medication or nutrition fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Number of people experiencing 1 or more fall‐related fractures · community‐dwelling older adults ≥ 65 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Medication or nutrition fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Number of people experiencing 1 or more falls resulting in hospital admission Measured using Danish Hospital Registration Database · community‐dwelling older adults ≥ 65 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4542 participants | Very low |
Medication or nutrition fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Number of people who experienced 1 or more adverse events · community‐dwelling older adults ≥ 65 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Medication or nutrition fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Economic analysis · community‐dwelling older adults ≥ 65 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Rate of falls Measured using questionnaire data (self‐reported) · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1422 participants | Very low |
Multicomponent fall prevention interventions vs control: evidence from RCTs Number of fallers Measured using questionnaire data (self‐reported) · community‐dwelling older adults at least 60 years of age Population‐based interventions for preventing falls and fall‐related injuries in older people (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1422 participants | Very low |
Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment Number of participants sustaining recurrent patellar dislocationa · people with lateral patellar dislocation Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.4, 0.75] | 8 studies · 438 participants | Very low |
Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment Knee and physical functiona Measured using the Kujala patellofemoral disorders scorea Scale from: 0 to 100 (higher scores = better function) · people with lateral patellar dislocation Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation (2023) · Cochrane | MD 5.73 | 7 studies · 401 participants | Very low |
Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment Adverse effects of treatment Overall incidence of complications · people with lateral patellar dislocation Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.21 [0.73, 6.66] | 2 studies · 144 participants | Very low |
Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment Patient satisfactiona Reported as 'good' or 'excellent'. · people with lateral patellar dislocation Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.74, 1.38] | 3 studies · 176 participants | Very low |
Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment Patient‐reported knee instabilitya Incidence of patellar subluxation · people with lateral patellar dislocation Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.5, 1.12] | 5 studies · 256 participants | Very low |
Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment Subsequent requirement for surgery (reoperations) for complicationsa Incidence · people with lateral patellar dislocation Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.07, 2.73] | 3 studies · 195 participants | Very low |
Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control Participant‐reported quality of life (medium term) QoL measured using SF‐36 PCS ranging from 0 to 100; high scores indicate better quality of life · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius,… Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 393 participants | Very low |
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy vs control Time to return to normal activities · adolescents and adults with acute fractures in tibia and femur Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy vs control Time to fracture union · adolescents and adults with acute fractures in tibia and femur Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy vs control Pain (medium term): using VAS (range 0 to 10); higher values indicate worse pain · adolescents and adults with acute fractures in tibia and femur Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 57 participants | Very low |
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy vs control Delayed or non‐union (medium term) · adolescents and adults with acute fractures in tibia and femur Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.15, 2.01] | 1 study · 57 participants | Very low |
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy vs control Adverse events · adolescents and adults with acute fractures in tibia and femur Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control Quantitative functional improvement Using PROMs · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius,… Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control Time to return to normal activities (work) Number of days · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius,… Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 370 participants | Low |
Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control Time to fracture union (days) · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius,… Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 887 participants | Very low |
Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control Pain (short term): using VAS (range 0 to 10); higher values indicate worse pain · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius,… Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 148 participants | Very low |
Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control Delayed or non‐union (medium term) · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius,… Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.5, 3.09] | 7 studies · 746 participants | Moderate |
Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control Adverse events Reported as skin irritation · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius,… Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.06, 14.65] | 1 study · 101 participants | Very low |
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy vs control Participant‐reported quality of life · adolescents and adults with acute fractures in tibia and femur Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy vs control Quantitative functional improvement · adolescents and adults with acute fractures in tibia and femur Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgical vs non‐surgical management Function in the short term · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgical vs non‐surgical management Function in the long term Measured using AOFAS score (0 to 100, higher scores indicate improved function) · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 319 participants | Low |
Surgical vs non‐surgical management Chronic pain Measured as number of people experiencing pain · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.37, 0.84] | 4 studies · 175 participants | Low |
Surgical vs non‐surgical management Health‐related quality of life (physical) Measured using SF‐36 (PCS) (score 0 to 100, higher scores indicate better physical HRQoL) · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 192 participants | Low |
Surgical vs non‐surgical management Return to work · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.94, 1.68] | 5 studies · 250 participants | Low |
Surgical vs non‐surgical management Complications requiring unplanned return to theatre Subtalar arthrodesis · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.09, 1.53] | 3 studies · 657 participants | Low |
Surgical vs non‐surgical management Complications not requiring unplanned return to theatre Superficial infection (affecting only participants who had surgical treatment) · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 847 participants | Low |
Home fall‐hazard reduction vs control (e.g. usual care) Rate of falls (falls per person‐years) · older people living in the community (included trials conducting pre‐ and/or post‐hospital discharge home visits… Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.74 [0.61, 0.91] | 12 studies · 5293 participants | Moderate |
Assistive technology for vision improvement interventions vs usual care or attention control Number of people who experienced 1 or more fall‐related fractures · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.75, 2] | 2 studies · 976 participants | Very low |