Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

304 questions · 314 findings · 29 reviews · Public Health

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No studies found 57 · 18.2%GRADE not reported 22 · 7%Very low 88 · 28%Low 86 · 27.4%Moderate 43 · 13.7%High 18 · 5.7%

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron vs unfortified condiments/seasonings

Iron deficiency (as defined by study authors, based on a biomarker of iron status) · population aged 2 years and above (Ballot 1989a (C) ‐ > 10 years, Chen 2005 (C) ‐ >3 years; Huo 2002 ‐ 11‐17 years, Longfils 2008‐ 6‐21…

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron showed no clear difference in iron deficiency (as defined by the trialists based on a biomarker of… compared with unfortified condiments/seasonings (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of condiments and seasonings with iron for preventing anaemia and improving health 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.11, 1.01]
2 studies · 391 participants
Moderate

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron vs unfortified condiments/seasonings

Ferritin (µg/L) · population aged 2 years and above (Ballot 1989a (C) ‐ > 10 years, Chen 2005 (C) ‐ >3 years; Huo 2002 ‐ 11‐17 years, Longfils 2008‐ 6‐21…

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of condiments and seasonings with iron for preventing anaemia and improving health 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 4459 participants
Very low

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron vs unfortified condiments/seasonings

Transferrin saturation · population aged 2 years and above (Ballot 1989a (C) ‐ > 10 years, Chen 2005 (C) ‐ >3 years; Huo 2002 ‐ 11‐17 years, Longfils 2008‐ 6‐21…

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of condiments and seasonings with iron for preventing anaemia and improving health 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 240 participants
Low

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron vs unfortified condiments/seasonings

Total iron binding capacity · population aged 2 years and above (Ballot 1989a (C) ‐ > 10 years, Chen 2005 (C) ‐ >3 years; Huo 2002 ‐ 11‐17 years, Longfils 2008‐ 6‐21…

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of condiments and seasonings with iron for preventing anaemia and improving health 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 240 participants
Low

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron vs unfortified condiments/seasonings

Adverse effects · population aged 2 years and above (Ballot 1989a (C) ‐ > 10 years, Chen 2005 (C) ‐ >3 years; Huo 2002 ‐ 11‐17 years, Longfils 2008‐ 6‐21…

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of condiments and seasonings with iron for preventing anaemia and improving health 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron plus other micronutrients vs condiments/seasonings fortified with other micronutrients except iron

Anaemia · population aged 2 years and above (Andersson 2008 ‐ 5‐18 years, Asibey‐Berko 2007 ~ 3 years, Chen Ke 2008 ‐ 2‐6 years, Haas 2014 ‐ women…

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron plus other micronutrients may leads to lower anaemia (defined as haemoglobin below WHO cut‐off for age and… compared with condiments/seasonings fortified with other micronutrients except iron (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of condiments and seasonings with iron for preventing anaemia and improving health 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.59 [0.4, 0.89]
4 studies · 1007 participants
Low

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron plus other micronutrients vs condiments/seasonings fortified with other micronutrients except iron

Haemoglobin (g/dL) · population aged 2 years and above (Andersson 2008 ‐ 5‐18 years, Asibey‐Berko 2007 ~ 3 years, Chen Ke 2008 ‐ 2‐6 years, Haas 2014 ‐ women…

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of condiments and seasonings with iron for preventing anaemia and improving health 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1270 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), change from baseline · Adults (general population)

1 finding from 1 review

Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
19 studies · 20830 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Change in blood potassium (mmol/L) · Adults (general population)

1 finding from 1 review

Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 784 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Hyperkalaemia · Adults (general population)

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention showed no clear difference in hyperkalaemia compared with regular salt (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.46, 2.38]
5 studies · 22849 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Hypokalaemia · Adults (general population)

1 finding from 1 review

Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 22 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Adverse events: other · Adults (general population)

1 finding from 1 review

Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 2109 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), change from baseline · children (2 to < 18 years) in the general population

1 finding from 1 review

Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 92 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), change from baseline · children (2 to < 18 years) in the general population

1 finding from 1 review

Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 92 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Hypertension ‐ not measured · children (2 to < 18 years) in the general population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Change in blood potassium (mmol/L) ‐ not measured · children (2 to < 18 years) in the general population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Hyperkalaemia · children (2 to < 18 years) in the general population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), change from baseline · Adults (general population)

1 finding from 1 review

Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
20 studies · 21414 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Hypokalaemia · children (2 to < 18 years) in the general population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Hypertension · Adults (general population)

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention showed no clear difference in hypertension compared with regular salt (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.9, 1.03]
1 study · 2566 participants
Low