Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,429 questions · 3,558 findings · 436 reviews

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No studies found 660 · 18.5%GRADE not reported 375 · 10.5%Very low 727 · 20.4%Low 887 · 24.9%Moderate 709 · 19.9%High 200 · 5.6%

LAMA vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.88 [0.78, 1.01]
1 study · 7376 participants
Moderate

LAMA vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.64 [0.36, 1.13]
4 studies · 3320 participants
Low

LAMA vs LABA

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.83 [0.61, 1.13]
2 studies · 10815 participants
Moderate

LAMA vs LABA

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.01 [0.61, 1.69]
10 studies · 11338 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.66 [0.27, 1.63]
4 studies · 2860 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA probably leads to lower pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.62 [0.4, 0.96]
1 study · 3358 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA probably leads to lower pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.43 [0.19, 0.97]
7 studies · 5395 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.89, 1.27]
1 study · 2206 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LAMA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.93 [0.66, 1.3]
8 studies · 5192 participants
Low

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.73 [0.45, 1.16]
1 study · 304 participants
Moderate

Tai Chi and breathing exercise vs breathing exercises

Lung function · COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Tai Chi for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 120 participants
Low

Tai Chi vs usual care

Lung function · COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Tai Chi for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 258 participants
Moderate

Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation vs conventional ventilation

Pulmonary air leak (new) · preterm infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction

Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation showed no clear difference in pulmonary air leak (new) compared with conventional ventilation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in preterm… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.76 [0.46, 1.23]
1 study · 144 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Pulmonary complications · postoperative pulmonary complications in upper abdominal surgery

The intervention showed no clear difference in pulmonary complications (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Incentive spirometry for prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications in upper abdominal surgery 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.51, 1.34]
2 studies · 946 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Weight (mixed population) kg · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
14 studies · 512 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

MIP (mixed population) cm H2O · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 245 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

HRQoL (mixed population) CRQ and SGRQ · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 130 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Weight (change from baseline ‐ mixed population) kg · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
14 studies · 511 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Fat‐free mass/fat‐free mass index (change from baseline; mixed population) kg/m2 · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 287 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Skinfold measures (change from baseline, mixed population) ‐ Triceps skin folds cm · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 125 participants
Low