What do systematic reviews say?

Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 to 4 years
  Table 2: 87% (218) versus 86% (212) at follow-up (baseline 81% versus 87%). No significant change.
  1 study · 497 participants
  GRADE not reported

Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics

Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary… led to higher using xylitol products more than 3 times per day compared with basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics; GRADE not reported.

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 to 4 years
  RR 1.32 [1.04, 1.68]
  1 study · 497 participants
  GRADE not reported

No intervention (single-arm cohort estimates) vs No comparator

Sánchez-Pérez et al. 2010 reported an incidence rate of 0.07 per person-year at risk.

• Caries Progression Rates Revisited: A Systematic Review. 2019 All outcomes

  Follow-up of at least 3 years · Western or comparable populations
  Incidence rate per person-year at risk 0.07 [0.06, 0.08]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported
• Caries Progression Rates Revisited: A Systematic Review. 2019 All outcomes

  Follow-up of at least 3 years · Western or comparable populations
  Incidence rate per person-year at risk 0.05 [0.05, 0.05]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported
• Caries Progression Rates Revisited: A Systematic Review. 2019 All outcomes

  Follow-up of at least 3 years · Western or comparable populations
  Incidence rate per person-year at risk 0.11 [0.09, 0.13]
  15 studies · 10768 participants
  GRADE not reported

Dental extraction protocol with plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) inserted into the postextraction alveolus vs Standard dental extraction protocol without PRGF

• Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes

  24 to 60 months
  No intraoperative complications were observed in either of the groups.
  1 study · 176 participants
  GRADE not reported

Platelet-rich fibrin after bone surgery vs Bone surgery alone

It is very uncertain whether platelet-rich fibrin after bone surgery changes healing of MRONJ (mucosal integrity, absence of infection, and no… compared with bone surgery alone (very low certainty).

• Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes

  1 year
  RR 1.60 [1.04, 2.46]
  1 study · 47 participants
  Very low

Delicate surgery and wound closure by primary intention vs Non-traumatic tooth avulsion and wound closure by secondary intention

• Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No intraoperative complications were observed in either of the two groups.
  1 study · 700 participants
  GRADE not reported

Primary closure of the extraction socket with a mucoperiosteal flap vs Application of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) without primary closure

• Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes

  90 days
  No intraoperative complications occurred in either group. Postoperative complications: 6 participants (15.4%) in the mucoperiosteal flap group and 1 participant (2.6%) in the PRF group.
  1 study · 77 participants
  GRADE not reported

Any method, procedure or policy to reduce contaminated aerosols in dental clinics vs Any other method, no treatment or combination of methods

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions to reduce contaminated aerosols produced during dental procedures for preventing infectious diseases 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs other local anaesthetic

The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) showed no clear difference in pain perception during the intervention (pooled) compared with traditional local anaesthetic; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental treatment 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  During LA (injection is the intervention)
  RR 1.15 [0.83, 1.59]
  2 studies · 68 participants
  GRADE not reported

Any method, procedure or policy to reduce contaminated aerosols in dental clinics vs Any other method, no treatment or combination of methods

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions to reduce contaminated aerosols produced during dental procedures for preventing infectious diseases 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

NSAIDs (ketorolac oral rinse; systemic celecoxib) vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  over 3 months
  SoF 3, Safety of the intervention over 3 months: systemic celecoxib (1 study) - 32 intervention participants reported 56 adverse effects, 20 placebo participants reported 20; 4 grade 3 events; 2 discontinued. Ketorolac…
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Topical bleomycin vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  up to 3 months
  SoF 5, Safety of the intervention up to 3 months: 'All patients in the bleomycin group developed erythema with erosion by the end of the applications, whereas erythema developed in the placebo group. Discomfort was…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Systemic beta carotene or carotenoids (incl. lycopene) vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  5 to 12 months
  SoF 2, Safety of the intervention at 5 to 12 months: 'Systemic beta carotene did not cause any adverse effects in 1 study supplementing 10 mg/d (Nagao), and caused adverse effects of varying severity in 9% of…
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

Herbal extracts (tea components; Chinese herbal mixture; freeze-dried black raspberry gel) vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  up to 3 months
  SoF 4, Safety of the intervention up to 3 months: '3 studies measured adverse effects: green tea extract capsules caused high frequency (93%) of adverse effects of varying severity in 1 study; the mixed tea study did…
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

Vitamin A or retinoids (systemic or topical; incl. 13-cis-retinoic acid, acitretin) vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  4 to 12 months
  SoF 1, Safety of the intervention at 4 to 12 months: '3 studies (1 each evaluating topical acitretin, topical 13-cis-retinoic acid, 200,000 IU per week of vitamin A) found no adverse effects. Systemic 13-cis-retinoic…
  4 studies
  GRADE not reported

Bowman-Birk inhibitor vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  up to 6 months
  SoF 6, Safety of the intervention up to 6 months: 'Trial authors reported that there were no significant adverse effects. 33 participants in the intervention group reported 75 adverse effects. 25 participants in the…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Cyclosporin (systemic; 10 mg/kg/day for 16 weeks) vs Colchicine (systemic; 1 mg daily)

• Interventions for managing oral ulcers in Behçet's disease 2014 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Masuda 1989: multiple adverse events in the cyclosporin arm; 3 patients withdrew and 9 had a dose reduction as a result.
  1 study · 92 participants
  GRADE not reported

Cyclosporin A in orabase (topical) vs Placebo (orabase)

• Interventions for managing oral ulcers in Behçet's disease 2014 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Ergun 1997: no adverse effects were seen.
  1 study · 24 participants
  GRADE not reported

Thalidomide (systemic; 100 mg or 300 mg daily) vs placebo

• Interventions for managing oral ulcers in Behçet's disease 2014 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Males only
  Hamuryudan 1998: significant adverse effects including severe sedation, polyneuropathy, loss of libido, and weight gain; a greater number of adverse events was seen for the higher (300 mg) dose; 4 patients withdrew due…
  1 study · 101 participants
  GRADE not reported

Interferon-alpha (systemic) vs Placebo (subcutaneous)

• Interventions for managing oral ulcers in Behçet's disease 2014 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Alpsoy 2002: high rate of adverse events including alopecia, leukopenia, and diarrhoea; 18 of 23 patients in the treatment arm experienced mild flu-like symptoms.
  1 study · 50 participants
  GRADE not reported