What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher TDI Total scores range from ‐ 9 to +9. The lower the score, the… (low certainty).

• Combination inhaled corticosteroids and long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for children and adults with bronchiectasis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 1.29 [0.4, 2.18]
  1 study · 40 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher cough‐free days Percentage of days free of cough (low certainty).

• Combination inhaled corticosteroids and long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for children and adults with bronchiectasis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 12.3 [2.38, 22.22]
  1 study · 40 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in hospitalisations, number of participants with 1 or more exacerbations (low certainty).

• Combination inhaled corticosteroids and long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for children and adults with bronchiectasis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.26 [0.02, 2.79]
  1 study · 38 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to lower exacerbation rates per participant per year (moderate certainty).

• Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Rate ratio 0.87 [0.8, 0.94]
  6 studies · 5601 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to lower mortality (high certainty).

• Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.78 [0.64, 0.94]
  12 studies · 7518 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in pneumonia (low certainty).

• Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.08 [0.91, 1.28]
  12 studies · 7320 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations (low certainty).

• Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.93 [0.8, 1.07]
  10 studies · 7060 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events－serious Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) versus… (low certainty).

• Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.05 [0.82, 1.34]
  7 studies · 5055 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse events－serious events Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) versus… (very low certainty).

• Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.93 [0.72, 1.21]
  3 studies · 1469 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events－serious Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) versus… (low certainty).

• Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.03 [0.63, 1.67]
  2 studies · 905 participants
  Low

Aminophylline vs placebo

Aminophylline showed no clear difference in PEF (L/min) ‐ at 60 min compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta₂‐agonists in adults with acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 6.24
  6 studies · 302 participants
  Low

Aminophylline vs placebo

Aminophylline showed no clear difference in hospital admissions compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta₂‐agonists in adults with acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.58 [0.3, 1.12]
  6 studies · 315 participants
  Moderate

Aminophylline vs placebo

Aminophylline showed no clear difference in tremor compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta₂‐agonists in adults with acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.6 [0.62, 11.02]
  5 studies · 249 participants
  Low

Aminophylline vs placebo

Aminophylline probably leads to higher vomiting compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta₂‐agonists in adults with acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 4.21 [2.2, 8.07]
  7 studies · 321 participants
  Moderate

Aminophylline vs placebo

Aminophylline probably leads to higher arrhythmia/palpitations compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta₂‐agonists in adults with acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 3.02 [1.15, 7.9]
  6 studies · 249 participants
  Moderate

Aminophylline vs placebo

• Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta₂‐agonists in adults with acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 21 participants
  Moderate