Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,535 questions · 3,601 findings · 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 726 · 20.2%GRADE not reported 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (measured 1 day after delivery)

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Satisfied with mode of administration (PCA IM)

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Opioids versus TENS

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured post delivery (rated as good)

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score measured during labour (after 30 minutes)

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score measured during labour (after 60 minutes)

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (number of women satisfied or very satisfied after 30 minutes)

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (described as good or fair after 1 hour)

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (reduction in VAS of at least 40 mm after 30 minutes)

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Additional analgesia required

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Cervical dilatation vs no dilatation

Severe PPH (≥ 1000 mL) · women with non‐labour caesarean section

Cervical dilatation showed no clear difference in postpartum haemorrhage (blood loss at least 1000 mL;immediately post… compared with no dilatation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during elective caesarean section before the onset of labour for reducing… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.97 [0.48, 8.13]
1 study · 447 participants
Low

Cervical dilatation vs no dilatation

Blood transfusion · women with non‐labour caesarean section

Cervical dilatation showed no clear difference in need for blood transfusion (within 24 hours post caesarean section) compared with no dilatation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during elective caesarean section before the onset of labour for reducing… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.54 [0.37, 33.79]
2 studies · 847 participants
Low

Cervical dilatation vs no dilatation

Drop from baseline haemoglobin > 0.5 g/dL · women with non‐labour caesarean section

Cervical dilatation showed no clear difference in drop from baseline haemoglobin > 0.5 g/dL compared with no dilatation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during elective caesarean section before the onset of labour for reducing… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.92 [0.64, 1.31]
2 studies · 722 participants
Low

Cervical dilatation vs no dilatation

Secondary postpartum haemorrhage (within 6 weeks postpartum) · women with non‐labour caesarean section

Cervical dilatation showed no clear difference in secondary postpartum haemorrhage (within 6 weeks postpartum) compared with no dilatation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during elective caesarean section before the onset of labour for reducing… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.18 [0.07, 18.76]
1 study · 447 participants
Low

Cervical dilatation vs no dilatation

Febrile morbidity · women with non‐labour caesarean section

Cervical dilatation showed no clear difference in febrile morbidity (at least 38° Celsius, measured on 2/10 days… compared with no dilatation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during elective caesarean section before the onset of labour for reducing… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.18 [0.76, 1.85]
7 studies · 2126 participants
Low

Cervical dilatation vs no dilatation

Endometritis · women with non‐labour caesarean section

Cervical dilatation showed no clear difference in endometritis compared with no dilatation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during elective caesarean section before the onset of labour for reducing… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.35, 2.52]
4 studies · 1536 participants
Low

Cervical dilatation vs no dilatation

Uterine subinvolution · women with non‐labour caesarean section

Cervical dilatation showed no clear difference in uterine subinvolution compared with no dilatation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during elective caesarean section before the onset of labour for reducing… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.34 [0.08, 1.36]
2 studies · 654 participants
Low

Upright position vs recumbent position

Maternal outcomes · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Maternal position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Upright position vs recumbent position

Low cord pH · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

Upright position probably leads to lower low cord pH compared with recumbent position (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Maternal position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.43 [0.2, 0.9]
2 studies · 3159 participants
Moderate

Upright position vs recumbent position

Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

It is very uncertain whether upright position changes admission to neonatal intensive care unit compared with recumbent position (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Maternal position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.54 [0.02, 12.73]
1 study · 66 participants
Very low