Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3,703 questions · 3,824 findings · 858 reviews

No studies found 573 · 15%GRADE not reported 383 · 10%Very low 993 · 26%Low 1,062 · 27.8%Moderate 614 · 16.1%High 199 · 5.2%

Corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Neonatal death (baby born alive at any gestation and dies within 28 days) · infants born of women at risk of preterm birth

Neonatal and child outcomes: corticosteroids leads to lower neonatal death (infants born with signs of life who die within the… compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Time to achieve full enteral feeding (days) · preterm infants with low birth weight

The intervention showed no clear difference in time to achieve full enteral feeding (days) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound not healing · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound not healing compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound edges gaping · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound edges gaping compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Maternal views and experiences of treatment ‐ Satisfaction with overall perineal care (good + very good + excellent) Day 10 · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes maternal views and experiences of treatment ‐ Satisfaction with… compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad)

Adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound not healing · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound not healing compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad)

Adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound edges gaping · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound edges gaping compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad)

Maternal views and experiences with treatment ‐ Opinion on treatment effects (good + very good + excellent) Day 5 · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes maternal views and experiences with treatment ‐ Opinion on treatment… compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad)

Maternal views and experiences of treatment ‐ Satisfaction with overall perineal care (good + very good + excellent) Day 10 · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes maternal views and experiences with treatment ‐ Satisfaction with… compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review