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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
ECT plus standard care vs sham‐ECT plus standard care Adverse event/effect(s) ‐ death · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs antipsychotics plus standard care Response to treatment (medium term) Clinically important response to treatment as defined by each study · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.95, 1.58] | 1 study · 162 participants | Low |
ECT plus standard care vs antipsychotics plus standard care Cognitive functioning Clinically important change in cognitive functioning as defined by each study · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Aspirin plus antipsychotics vs placebo plus antipsychotics Global state: any change in global state – unspecified problem necessitating change in dose or type of antipsychotics – medium term · people with schizophrenia Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) for schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.3, 1.88] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Aspirin plus antipsychotics vs placebo plus antipsychotics Mental state: general – mean endpoint score (PANSS total, high = poor) – medium term · people with schizophrenia Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) for schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 130 participants | Very low |
Aspirin plus antipsychotics vs placebo plus antipsychotics Cognitive functioning: clinically important change in cognitive functioning · people with schizophrenia Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) for schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Aspirin plus antipsychotics vs placebo plus antipsychotics Leaving the study early: short‐term – for any reason · people with schizophrenia Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) for schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.4, 3.14] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Very low |
Aspirin plus antipsychotics vs placebo plus antipsychotics Adverse events: gastrointestinal – dyspeptic symptoms – self‐assessed as at least 'moderate' · people with schizophrenia Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) for schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.55, 1.94] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Aspirin plus antipsychotics vs placebo plus antipsychotics Quality of life: clinically important change · people with schizophrenia Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) for schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Aspirin plus antipsychotics vs placebo plus antipsychotics Service use: change in hospital status – any change · people with schizophrenia Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) for schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.05, 5.9] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Group A: amino acids vs placebo Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data (events) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.08, 2.98] | 2 studies · 52 participants | Very low |
Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo Mental state: psychotic symptoms Average total score (PANSS, higher score = worse, scale from 30‐210) Long‐term (up to 7 years) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 81 participants | Low |
Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo Adverse effects: neurological, extrapyramidal UKU (events) Medium‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.57 [0.94, 7.02] | 1 study · 304 participants | Low |
Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo Quality of life: clinically important change in quality of life · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Long‐term (events) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.46 [0.45, 4.8] | 1 study · 81 participants | Low |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention Global state: clinically important change in global state · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention Mental state: clinically important change in mental state · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention Adverse effects: suicidal thoughts (events) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.01, 6.1] | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low |
Group A: amino acids vs placebo Global state: clinically important change in global state · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention Quality of life: clinically important change in quality of life · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.38, 0.94] | 1 study · 124 participants | Very low |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data, (events) Medium‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.28, 1.18] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention Global state: global illness severity Average total score, CGI (higher score = worse, scale from: 2‐14) Medium‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention Mental state: psychosis risk symptoms SOPS total (higher score = worse, scale from: 0‐114) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention Adverse effects: average weight gain change kg gained (higher scores = worse) Medium‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention Quality of life: clinically important change in quality of life · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) Medium‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.59 [0.88, 2.88] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Long‐term (events) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.23, 0.89] | 2 studies · 252 participants | Very low |
Group A: amino acids vs placebo Mental state: psychosis risk symptoms Average total score (SOPS total score; higher score = worse, scale from: 0‐114) Short‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 8 participants | Very low |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy Global state: clinically important change in global state · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy Mental state PANSS total (higher score = worse, scale from: 30‐210) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 68 participants | Very low |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy Adverse effects: at least one serious adverse event · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy Quality of life Average total score, MANSA (higher score = better, scale from: 16‐112) Long‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 140 participants | Very low |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) Additional · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.74, 1.24] | 2 studies · 261 participants | Very low |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data (events) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.39, 2.67] | 1 study · 87 participants | Very low |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo Global state: clinically important change in global state · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo Mental state: psychopathology Total endpoint data, BPRS (higher score = worse, scale from 0‐126) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group A: amino acids vs placebo Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo Adverse effects: specific ‐ doctors' assessment of adverse effects UKU (events) Medium‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.55, 1.91] | 1 study · 65 participants | Very low |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo Quality of life Average endpoint score, QLS (higher score = better, scale from: 0‐126) Medium‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.62, 1.92] | 1 study · 87 participants | Very low |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy (specific preventive intervention) + needs‐based intervention + risperidone vs needs‐based intervention Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data (events) Long‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.39, 1.46] | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy (specific preventive intervention) + needs‐based intervention + risperidone vs needs‐based intervention Global state: clinically important change in global state · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy (specific preventive intervention) + needs‐based intervention + risperidone vs needs‐based intervention Mental state: psychopathology Total endpoint data, BPRS (higher score = worse, scale from: 0‐126) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |