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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development‐III (BSID III) · preterm infants and their parents Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 69 participants | Low |
Intervention NR PARENTAL ANXIETY: STAI‐T · preterm infants and their parents Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 97 participants | Low |
Intervention NR RESPIRATORY RATE DURING intervention (lower = favourable) · preterm infants and their parents Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 750 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR RESPIRATOTY RATE POST‐intervention (lower = favourable) · preterm infants and their parents Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 636 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR HEART RATE DURING intervention (lower = favourable) · preterm infants and their parents Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 1014 participants | Moderate |
CPAP and supportive care vs supportive care Failed CPAP · preterm infants with apnoea of prematurity Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Variable flow vs bubble CPAP Adverse events · preterm infants, 24 to 29 weeks gestation and mean age 18 days with apnoea of prematurity Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Variable flow vs bubble CPAP Long‐term neurodevelopmental outcomes · preterm infants, 24 to 29 weeks gestation and mean age 18 days with apnoea of prematurity Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Infant Flow CPAP vs Medijet CPAP Failed CPAP · preterm infants with apnoea of prematurity (gestation 27 weeks, age not stated) Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.62 [0.91, 7.53] | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Infant Flow CPAP vs Medijet CPAP Mean apnoea events · preterm infants with apnoea of prematurity (gestation 27 weeks, age not stated) Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 24 participants | Ungraded |
Infant Flow CPAP vs Medijet CPAP Adverse events · preterm infants with apnoea of prematurity (gestation 27 weeks, age not stated) Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | 2 | 2 participants | Ungraded |
Infant Flow CPAP vs Medijet CPAP Long‐term neurodevelopmental outcomes · preterm infants with apnoea of prematurity (gestation 27 weeks, age not stated) Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CPAP and supportive care vs supportive care Mean apnoea events · preterm infants with apnoea of prematurity Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CPAP and supportive care vs supportive care Adverse events · preterm infants with apnoea of prematurity Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CPAP and supportive care vs supportive care Long‐term neurodevelopmental outcomes · preterm infants with apnoea of prematurity Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Variable flow vs ventilator CPAP Failed CPAP (defined as need for mechanical ventilation) · preterm infants with apnoea of prematurity (median age 9 days) Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.01, 2.9] | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Variable flow vs ventilator CPAP Mean apnoea events (apnoea > 20 seconds with or without bradycardia or desaturation) Mean per 4‐hour interval · preterm infants with apnoea of prematurity (median age 9 days) Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Variable flow vs ventilator CPAP Long‐term neurodevelopmental outcomes · preterm infants with apnoea of prematurity (median age 9 days) Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Variable flow vs bubble CPAP Failed CPAP · preterm infants, 24 to 29 weeks gestation and mean age 18 days with apnoea of prematurity Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Variable flow vs bubble CPAP Mean apnoea events · preterm infants, 24 to 29 weeks gestation and mean age 18 days with apnoea of prematurity Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula Underweight (weight‐for‐age z‐score) · healthy, full‐term, formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1629 participants | Very low |
Standard‐protein formula vs low‐protein formula Wasting (weight‐for‐height z‐score) · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 256 participants | Very low |
Standard‐protein formula vs low‐protein formula Overweight · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Standard‐protein formula vs low‐protein formula Obesity · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Standard‐protein formula vs low‐protein formula All‐cause mortality · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Standard‐protein formula vs low‐protein formula Adverse events · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | Peto OR 1.55 [0.7, 3.4] | 2 studies · 206 participants | Low |
High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula Stunting (height‐for‐age z‐score) · healthy, full‐term, formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1629 participants | Very low |
High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula Wasting (weight‐for‐height z‐score) · healthy, full‐term, formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1629 participants | Very low |
High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula Overweight · healthy, full‐term, formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.63, 2.51] | 1 study · 1090 participants | Very low |
High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula Obesity · healthy, full‐term, formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.96 [0.59, 6.48] | 1 study · 1090 participants | Very low |
High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula All‐cause mortality · healthy, full‐term, formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula Adverse events · healthy, full‐term, formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.76, 1.13] | 4 studies · 445 participants | Low |
Standard‐protein formula vs low‐protein formula Underweight (weight‐for‐age z‐score) · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 256 participants | Very low |
Standard‐protein formula vs low‐protein formula Stunting (height‐for‐age z‐score) · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 256 participants | Very low |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control Death or major neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months · preterm infants at risk of or with apnea; preterm infants undergoing extubation Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.78, 0.97] | 1 study · 1869 participants | Moderate |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control Death or major neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months · preterm infants at risk for apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.8, 1.24] | 1 study · 423 participants | Moderate |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control Death at hospital discharge · preterm infants at risk for apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.19 [0.85, 5.68] | 3 studies · 129 participants | Very low |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control Major neurodevelopmental disability · preterm infants at risk for apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control a) Cerebral palsy or gross motor disability · preterm infants at risk for apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.43, 2.49] | 1 study · 415 participants | Moderate |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control b) Developmental delay · preterm infants at risk for apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.83, 1.4] | 1 study · 396 participants | Moderate |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control Any apneic episodes · preterm infants at risk for apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.19 [0.09, 0.41] | 2 studies · 104 participants | Low |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control Positive‐pressure ventilation after institution of treatment · preterm infants at risk for apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.48, 3.72] | 4 studies · 208 participants | Low |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control Supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · preterm infants at risk for apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.63, 0.97] | 3 studies · 541 participants | Moderate |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control Death or major neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months · preterm infants with apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.71, 1.01] | 1 study · 767 participants | Moderate |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control Death at hospital discharge · preterm infants with apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.14, 1.78] | 3 studies · 154 participants | Low |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control Death at hospital discharge · preterm infants at risk of or with apnea; preterm infants undergoing extubation Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.71, 1.37] | 7 studies · 2289 participants | Moderate |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control Major neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months · preterm infants with apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control a) Cerebral palsy or gross motor disability · preterm infants with apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.29, 1.25] | 1 study · 729 participants | Moderate |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control b) Developmental delay at 18 to 24 months · preterm infants with apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.69, 1.06] | 1 study · 715 participants | Moderate |
Methylxanthine vs placebo or control Any apneic episodes · preterm infants with apnea Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.3, 1.62] | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |