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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pegylated interferon alpha‐2a vs standard interferon Death · patients on HD with HCV infection Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.81] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Pegylated interferon alpha‐2a vs standard interferon Relapse(recurrence after stopping) · patients on HD with HCV infection Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.41, 1.25] | 1 study · 38 participants | Low |
Pegylated interferon alpha‐2a vs standard interferon End‐of‐treatment response · patients on HD with HCV infection Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.53 [1.09, 2.15] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo Death (any cause) · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.26, 15.37] | 2 studies · 8873 participants | Low |
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs angiotensin receptor blockers CVD events · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs angiotensin receptor blockers Adverse events · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs angiotensin receptor blockers Kidney failure progression · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo CVD events: total (fatal and non‐fatal) · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.9, 1.05] | 2 studies · 8873 participants | Low |
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo Adverse events: number reporting an adverse event · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [1.26, 1.41] | 2 studies · 8873 participants | Low |
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo Kidney failure progression: doubling of SCr (mg/dL) · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Angiotensin receptor blockers vs placebo Death (any cause) · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 226 participants | Ungraded |
Angiotensin receptor blockers vs placebo CVD events · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Angiotensin receptor blockers vs placebo Adverse events (number reporting an adverse event) · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 19.34 [1.14, 328.3] | 1 study · 226 participants | Very low |
Angiotensin receptor blockers vs placebo Kidney failure progression: eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²) · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 226 participants | Very low |
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs angiotensin receptor blockers Death (any cause) · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Statin therapy vs placebo or standard of care Major cardiovascular events (MACE) · people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.66, 0.79] | 14 studies · 36156 participants | High |
Statin therapy vs placebo or standard of care Death · people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.73, 0.96] | 13 studies · 34978 participants | High |
Statin therapy vs placebo or standard of care Rhabdomyolysis · people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3.07 [0.13, 75.37] | 2 studies · 2618 participants | Very low |
Statin therapy vs placebo or standard of care Myocardial infarction · people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.42, 0.73] | 10 studies · 9475 participants | Moderate |
Statin therapy vs placebo or standard of care Stroke · people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.37, 1.08] | 7 studies · 9158 participants | Moderate |
Statin therapy vs placebo or standard of care Kidney failure · people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.91, 1.05] | 3 studies · 6704 participants | Moderate |
Statin therapy vs placebo or standard of care Hospitalisation due to heart failure · people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.37, 1.32] | 1 study · 579 participants | Low |
Antioxidants vs control Cardiovascular death · adults with CKD Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.64, 1.4] | 8 studies · 3813 participants | Low |
Antioxidants vs control Death (any cause) · adults with CKD Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.82, 1.11] | 45 studies · 7530 participants | Moderate |
Antioxidants vs control Cardiovascular disease · adults with CKD Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.63, 0.99] | 16 studies · 4768 participants | Moderate |
Antioxidants vs control Heart failure · adults with CKD Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [1.11, 1.76] | 6 studies · 3733 participants | Moderate |
Antioxidants vs control Kidney failure · adults with CKD Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.41, 1.02] | 10 studies · 3201 participants | Moderate |
Antioxidants vs control Change in eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) · adults with CKD Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 28 studies · 4128 participants | Very low |
Antioxidants vs control Graft loss · adults with CKD Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.67, 1.17] | 11 studies · 1053 participants | Moderate |
Antioxidants vs control Infection · adults with CKD Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [1.14, 1.5] | 14 studies · 3697 participants | Moderate |
Laparoscopic vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Early PD catheter function Time frame: within 4 weeks of PD catheter insertion · patients requiring PD catheter placement Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 383 participants | Ungraded |
Medical vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Technique failure · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Medical vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Postoperative death · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 64 participants | Very low |
Medical vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Peritonitis · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.06, 0.71] | 4 studies · 273 participants | Low |
Medical vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Dialysate leakage · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.05, 0.95] | 4 studies · 273 participants | Low |
Medical vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Catheter tip migration (mechanical failure) · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.15, 3.73] | 2 studies · 90 participants | Very low |
Percutaneous vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Early PD catheter function (within 4 weeks of PD catheter insertion) · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.04, 3.07] | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Percutaneous vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Long‐term PD catheter failure (> 4 weeks following PD catheter insertion) · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Percutaneous vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Technique failure · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Percutaneous vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Postoperative death · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Percutaneous vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Peritonitis · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 96 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Long‐term PD catheter function Time frame: > 4 weeks after PD catheter insertion) · patients requiring PD catheter placement Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 383 participants | Ungraded |
Percutaneous vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Dialysate leakage · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.06, 14.78] | 2 studies · 96 participants | Very low |
Percutaneous vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Mechanical failure · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.06, 1.33] | 2 studies · 96 participants | Very low |
Peritoneoscopic vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Early PD catheter function (within 4 weeks of PD catheter insertion) Timepoint: 2 weeks · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.31, 2.38] | 2 studies · 177 participants | Very low |
Peritoneoscopic vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Long‐term PD catheter function (> 4 weeks following PD catheter insertion) · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.38, 0.92] | 1 study · 116 participants | Very low |
Peritoneoscopic vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Technique failure · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peritoneoscopic vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Postoperative death · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Peritoneoscopic vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Peritonitis · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.06, 0.71] | 2 studies · 177 participants | Very low |
Peritoneoscopic vs open surgical PD catheter insertion Dialysate leakage · improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in PD patients Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.02, 0.71] | 2 studies · 177 participants | Very low |