Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,518 questions in 135 reviews · Infectious Diseases
current versionsNo studies 135 · 8.9%Ungraded 150 · 9.9%Very low 350 · 23.1%Low 420 · 27.7%Moderate 321 · 21.1%High 142 · 9.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Hospital admission for any reason · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.98 [0.76, 1.27] | 1 study · 684 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Parasitaemia · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Anaemia · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.77 [0.53, 1.12] | 1 study · 684 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Clinical malaria · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.42 [0.33, 0.54] | 1 study · 147 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Severe malaria · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 1.29 [0.28, 5.98] | 1 study · 147 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Risk ratio 0.17 [0.01, 4.06] | 1 study · 147 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hospital admission for any reason · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 1.58 [0.46, 5.42] | 1 study · 147 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Parasitaemia · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 147 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Anaemia · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 147 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Clinical malaria · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.78 [0.62, 0.97] | 1 study · 676 participants | High |
Intervention NR Severe malaria · children under 12 months of age Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.92 [0.47, 1.81] | 2 studies · 1347 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Severe malaria · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Risk ratio 0.83 [0.36, 1.89] | 1 study · 676 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Hospital admission for any reason · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.92 [0.71, 1.2] | 1 study · 676 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Parasitaemia · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Anaemia · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.72 [0.49, 1.07] | 1 study · 676 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · children under 12 months of age Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Risk ratio 0.93 [0.74, 1.15] | 9 studies · 14588 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Hospital admission for any reason · children under 12 months of age Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.85 [0.78, 0.93] | 7 studies · 7486 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Parasitaemia · children under 12 months of age Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.66 [0.56, 0.79] | 1 study · 1200 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Anaemia · children under 12 months of age Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.82 [0.68, 0.98] | 6 studies · 7438 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Clinical malaria · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.75 [0.61, 0.94] | 1 study · 547 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Severe malaria · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · malaria in infants Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (2021) · Cochrane | Risk ratio 1.21 [0.58, 2.55] | 1 study · 684 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Xpert Ultra result Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR True‐negatives (patients without pleural TB) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 240 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR False‐positives (patients incorrectly classified as having pleural TB) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 240 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Xpert MTB/RIF result Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Xpert Ultra result Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR True‐positives (patients with lymph node TB) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR False‐negatives (patients incorrectly classified as not having lymph node TB) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR True‐negatives (patients without lymph node TB) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR False‐positives (patients incorrectly classified as having lymph node TB) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Xpert MTB/RIF result Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Xpert Ultra result Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR True‐positives (participants with TB meningitis) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 89 participants | Low |
Intervention NR True‐positives (patients correctly classified as rifampicin resistant) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 24 participants | Low |
Intervention NR False‐negatives (patients incorrectly classified as rifampicin susceptible) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 24 participants | Low |
Intervention NR True‐negatives (patients correctly classified as rifampicin susceptible) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 105 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR False‐positives (patients incorrectly classified as rifampicin resistant) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 105 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Xpert MTB/RIF result Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR False‐negatives (participants incorrectly classified as not having TB meningitis) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 89 participants | Low |
Intervention NR True‐negatives (participants without TB meningitis) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 386 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR False‐positives (participants incorrectly classified as having TB meningitis) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 386 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Xpert MTB/RIF result Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Xpert Ultra result Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR True‐positives (patients with pleural TB) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 158 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR False‐negatives (patients incorrectly classified as not having pleural TB) Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 158 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Parasite prevalence (4‐ to 6‐month · adults and childen living in malaria‐endemic areas, Anopheles gambiae complex or Anopheles funestus group Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with pyrethroids in insecticide‐treated nets to prevent malaria in Africa (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.74 [0.62, 0.89] | 2 studies · 11582 participants | High |
Intervention NR Mosquito mortality (washed nets) · Anopheles gambiae complex or Anopheles funestus group Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with pyrethroids in insecticide‐treated nets to prevent malaria in Africa (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.74, 1.54] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Blood‐feeding success (unwashed nets) · Anopheles gambiae complex or Anopheles funestus group Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with pyrethroids in insecticide‐treated nets to prevent malaria in Africa (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.72, 1.11] | NR | Moderate |