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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,521 questions in 132 reviews · Hepato-Biliary
current versionsNo studies 303 · 19.9%Ungraded 39 · 2.6%Very low 876 · 57.6%Low 216 · 14.2%Moderate 65 · 4.3%High 22 · 1.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Prebiotics/Probiotics/Synbiotics(5 trials; 243 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.67 [0.3, 1.46] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Polyunsaturated fatty acids(5 trials; 252 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 4.44 [2.4, 8.48] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Vitamin E(1 RCT; 97 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.83 [0.36, 1.91] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Amino acids(2 RCT; 152 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.61 [0.28, 1.28] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Phospholipids(No direct RCT) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.37 [0.04, 2.01] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Amino acids + vitamin C(1 RCT; 191 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.76 [0.62, 5.53] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Oestrogen(1 RCT; 78 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.11 [0.03, 44.88] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Vitamin D(1 trial; 60 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Other supplements(6 RCTs; 291 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 1.72 [1.25, 2.4] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Prebiotics/Probiotics/Synbiotics(15 trials; 763 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Polyunsaturated fatty acids(2 RCTs; 252 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.9 [0.68, 1.21] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Vitamin E(3 RCTs; 332 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.91 [0.71, 1.18] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Amino acids(1 RCT; 78 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.81 [0.42, 1.54] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Other supplements(7 trials; 396 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Prebiotics/Probiotics/Synbiotics(6 trials; 318 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR PUFA(2 trials; 95 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Vitamin E(1 trial; 167 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Prebiotics/Probiotics/Synbiotics(6 trials; 296 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Prebiotics/Probiotics/Synbiotics(5 trials; 289 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR PUFA(9 trials; 750 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Vitamin E(4 trials; 379 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Other antioxidants(3 trials; 191 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Vitamin D(4 trials; 241 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Amino acids(2 trials; 158 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR AFP (cut‐off 20 ng/mL) · adults with chronic liver disease Abdominal ultrasound and alpha‐foetoprotein for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 147 studies · 52144 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR AFP (cut‐off 200 ng/mL) · adults with chronic liver disease Abdominal ultrasound and alpha‐foetoprotein for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 56 studies · 20452 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR US · adults with chronic liver disease Abdominal ultrasound and alpha‐foetoprotein for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 39 studies · 18792 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Combination of AFP (cut‐off 20 ng/mL) and US · adults with chronic liver disease Abdominal ultrasound and alpha‐foetoprotein for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 5044 participants | Low |
Intervention NR US · adults with chronic liver disease Abdominal ultrasound and alpha‐foetoprotein for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 5044 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Combination of AFP (cut‐off 20 ng/mL) and US · adults with chronic liver disease Abdominal ultrasound and alpha‐foetoprotein for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 5044 participants | Low |
Intervention NR CT · adults with chronic liver disease Computed tomography for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with chronic liver disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 21 studies · 3101 participants | Low |
Intervention NR CT · adults with chronic liver disease Computed tomography for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with chronic liver disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1854 participants | Low |
Portosystemic shunts vs endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment All‐cause mortality · participants with cirrhosis and with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.86, 1.13] | 27 studies · 1828 participants | Very low |
Total shunt vs endoscopic intervention Mortality due to rebleeding · participants with cirrhosis and with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.06, 0.96] | 3 studies · 164 participants | Very low |
Total shunt vs endoscopic intervention Acute hepatic encephalopathy · participants with cirrhosis and with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.66 [0.7, 3.92] | 2 studies · 115 participants | Very low |
Total shunt vs endoscopic intervention Chronic hepatic encephalopathy · participants with cirrhosis and with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 69 participants | Ungraded |
Distal splenorenal shunt vs endoscopic intervention All‐cause mortality · participants with cirrhosis and with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.65, 1.33] | 5 studies · 352 participants | Very low |
Distal splenorenal shunt vs endoscopic intervention Rebleeding · participants with cirrhosis and with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.26 [0.11, 0.65] | 5 studies · 330 participants | Very low |
Distal splenorenal shunt vs endoscopic intervention Health‐related quality of life · participants with cirrhosis and with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Distal splenorenal shunt vs endoscopic intervention Mortality due to rebleeding · participants with cirrhosis and with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.13, 0.74] | 5 studies · 352 participants | Very low |
Distal splenorenal shunt vs endoscopic intervention Acute hepatic encephalopathy · participants with cirrhosis and with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.7 [0.94, 3.08] | 4 studies · 287 participants | Very low |
Distal splenorenal shunt vs endoscopic intervention Chronic hepatic encephalopathy · participants with cirrhosis and with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.51 [1.38, 4.55] | 2 studies · 170 participants | Very low |
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt vs endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment All‐cause mortality · participants with cirrhosis with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.92, 1.31] | 19 studies · 1312 participants | Very low |
Portosystemic shunts vs endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment Rebleeding · participants with cirrhosis and with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.33, 0.5] | 26 studies · 1769 participants | Very low |
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt vs endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment Rebleeding · participants with cirrhosis with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.36, 0.55] | 19 studies · 1312 participants | Very low |
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt vs endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment Health‐related quality of life · participants with cirrhosis with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt vs endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment Mortality due to rebleeding · participants with cirrhosis with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.4, 1.04] | 18 studies · 1263 participants | Very low |
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt vs endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment Acute hepatic encephalopathy · participants with cirrhosis with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.61 [1.29, 1.99] | 18 studies · 1247 participants | Very low |
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt vs endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment Chronic hepatic encephalopathy · participants with cirrhosis with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.88 [0.93, 3.8] | 10 studies · 717 participants | Very low |
Portosystemic shunts vs endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment Health‐related quality of life · participants with cirrhosis and with previous oesophagogastric variceal bleeding Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |