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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

915 questions in 93 reviews · Emergency and Critical Care

current versions
No studies 141 · 15.4%Ungraded 22 · 2.4%Very low 216 · 23.6%Low 272 · 29.7%Moderate 188 · 20.5%High 76 · 8.3%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Early enteral nutrition with supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) vs delayed enteral nutrition with SPN
Mortality (timing of outcome measurement unclear) · critically ill adults
Early enteral nutrition (within 48 hours) versus delayed enteral nutrition (after 48 hours) with or without… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.74 [0.25, 2.18]1 study · 27 participantsVery low
Early enteral nutrition with supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) vs delayed enteral nutrition with SPN
Infectious complications (independent of specific site, as defined by the trial authors) ( · critically ill adults
Early enteral nutrition (within 48 hours) versus delayed enteral nutrition (after 48 hours) with or without… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 27 participantsVery low
Early enteral nutrition with supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) vs delayed enteral nutrition with SPN
Feed intolerance or gastrointestinal complications (as defined by the authors) · critically ill adults
Early enteral nutrition (within 48 hours) versus delayed enteral nutrition (after 48 hours) with or without… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care
Survival at hospital discharge · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA
Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted469 participantsLow
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care
Survival at 30 days · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA
Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 612 participantsLow
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care
Neurological function at hospital discharge, measured by cerebral performance category (CPC) · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA
Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care
Neurological function at 30 days, measured by cerebral performance category (CPC) · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA
Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed before EMS arrival · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA
Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 665 participantsModerate
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care
Defibrillation performed before EMS arrival · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA
Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted469 participantsModerate
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care
Survival to hospital admission · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA
Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted469 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Comparison: outcome · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Iron supplementation versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.65 [0.38, 1.11]2 studies · 65 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Rhodiola crenulata versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
OR 1 [0.78, 1.29]1 study · 125 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Comparison: outcome · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Ginkgo biloba versus acetazolamide: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 378 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Acetazolamide + ginkgo biloba versus ginkgo biloba: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.43 [0.26, 0.71]1 study · 311 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Acetazolamide + ginkgo biloba versus acetazolamide: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.27 [0.65, 2.46]1 study · 306 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Acetazolamide versus medroxyprogesterone: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1 [0.32, 3.1]1 study · 12 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Acetazolamide + medroxyprogesterone versus medroxyprogesterone: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.33 [0.5, 3.55]1 study · 12 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Acetazolamide + medroxyprogesterone versus acetazolamide: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.33 [0.5, 3.55]1 study · 12 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Normal versus simulated altitude conditions: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.18 [0.82, 1.71]3 studies · 140 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) versus nothing: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
OR 3.67 [1.38, 9.76]1 study · 8 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 3 [0.69, 13.12]1 study · 40 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Comparisons: outcome · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Antioxidants versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.58 [0.32, 1.03]1 study · 18 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Ginkgo biloba versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted6 studies · 504 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Erythropoietin versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.41 [0.2, 0.84]1 study · 39 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Medroxyprogesterone versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.71 [0.48, 1.05]2 studies · 32 participantsLow
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control
Mortality in hospital: death occurring during the hospital stay · critically‐ill adults
Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted9 studies · 1775 participantsVery low
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control
Mortality in ICU: death occurred during the ICU stay · critically‐ill adults
Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 1291 participantsVery low
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control
Mortality at 30 days: 28 to 30 days all‐cause mortality · critically‐ill adults
Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted7 studies · 2611 participantsVery low
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control
Length of hospital stay: days stayed in the hospital · critically‐ill adults
Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted10 studies · 1677 participantsVery low
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control
Length of ICU stay: days stayed in the ICU · critically‐ill adults
Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted11 studies · 2942 participantsVery low
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control
Infectious complications: events of any type of infectious complications occurred during the hospital stay, registered by the study authors according to their diagnostic criteria of infections. · critically‐ill adults
Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted10 studies · 2804 participantsVery low
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control
Length of mechanical ventilation: days on mechanical ventilation during ICU stay · critically‐ill adults
Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted12 studies · 3000 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Outcomes and intervention · people suffering from high altitude illness
Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
All‐cause mortality · people suffering from high altitude illness
Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Complete relief of AMS symptoms · people suffering from high altitude illness
Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Reduction in symptom score severity at 12 hours (Clinical score: ranged from 0 to 11 (worse)) Intervention: Simulated descent of 193 millibars versus 20 millibars · people suffering from high altitude illness
Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 64 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Adverse effects during treatment Intervention: Hyperbaric chamber/ 160 millibars versus supplementary oxygen · people suffering from high altitude illness
Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 29 participantsLow
Intervention NR
All‐cause mortality · people suffering from high altitude illness
Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Complete relief of AMS symptoms (12 to 16 hours after treatment) Scale used: Acute Mountain Sickness score (ranged from 0 to 9 (worse)) · people suffering from high altitude illness
Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 35 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Reduction in symptom score severity Time of measurement: 1 to 48 hours after treatment, end of treatment Scale of measurement: Self‐administered AMS questionnaires (ranged from 0 to 90 (worse)), AMS Symptom Questionnaire (ranged from 0 to 22 (wors... · people suffering from high altitude illness
Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane
Mean Difference 1.152 studies · 25 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Adverse effects Time of measurement: 1 to 48 hours after treatment, end of treatment Scale of measurement:not stated · people suffering from high altitude illness
Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 25 participantsLow
Protocol‐directed sedation management vs usual care
Duration of mechanical ventilation (measured in hours for the entire duration of the first ICU stay for each patient) · mechanically ventilated ICU adults and children requiring sedation management
Protocol‐directed sedation versus non‐protocol‐directed sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care… (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 3283 participantsLow
Protocol‐directed sedation management vs usual care
ICU mortality · mechanically ventilated ICU adults and children requiring sedation management
Protocol‐directed sedation versus non‐protocol‐directed sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care… (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.77 [0.39, 1.5]2 studies · 513 participantsLow
Protocol‐directed sedation management vs usual care
Hospital mortality · mechanically ventilated ICU adults and children requiring sedation management
Protocol‐directed sedation versus non‐protocol‐directed sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care… (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.9 [0.72, 1.13]3 studies · 3082 participantsLow
Protocol‐directed sedation management vs usual care
ICU length of stay (days) · mechanically ventilated ICU adults and children requiring sedation management
Protocol‐directed sedation versus non‐protocol‐directed sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care… (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 3128 participantsLow
Protocol‐directed sedation management vs usual care
Hospital length of stay (days) · mechanically ventilated ICU adults and children requiring sedation management
Protocol‐directed sedation versus non‐protocol‐directed sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care… (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 2927 participantsModerate
Protocol‐directed sedation management vs usual care
Adverse event ‐ incidence of self‐extubation (in ICU) · mechanically ventilated ICU adults and children requiring sedation management
Protocol‐directed sedation versus non‐protocol‐directed sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care… (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.88 [0.55, 1.42]2 studies · 2761 participantsHigh