Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
915 questions in 93 reviews · Emergency and Critical Care
current versionsNo studies 141 · 15.4%Ungraded 22 · 2.4%Very low 216 · 23.6%Low 272 · 29.7%Moderate 188 · 20.5%High 76 · 8.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Early enteral nutrition with supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) vs delayed enteral nutrition with SPN Mortality (timing of outcome measurement unclear) · critically ill adults Early enteral nutrition (within 48 hours) versus delayed enteral nutrition (after 48 hours) with or without… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.25, 2.18] | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Early enteral nutrition with supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) vs delayed enteral nutrition with SPN Infectious complications (independent of specific site, as defined by the trial authors) ( · critically ill adults Early enteral nutrition (within 48 hours) versus delayed enteral nutrition (after 48 hours) with or without… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Early enteral nutrition with supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) vs delayed enteral nutrition with SPN Feed intolerance or gastrointestinal complications (as defined by the authors) · critically ill adults Early enteral nutrition (within 48 hours) versus delayed enteral nutrition (after 48 hours) with or without… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care Survival at hospital discharge · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 469 participants | Low |
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care Survival at 30 days · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 612 participants | Low |
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care Neurological function at hospital discharge, measured by cerebral performance category (CPC) · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care Neurological function at 30 days, measured by cerebral performance category (CPC) · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care Cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed before EMS arrival · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 665 participants | Moderate |
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care Defibrillation performed before EMS arrival · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 469 participants | Moderate |
Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) in addition to routine emergency medical services (EMS) care vs routine EMS care Survival to hospital admission · adults and children more than 4 weeks old suffering from OHCA Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 469 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Comparison: outcome · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Iron supplementation versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.38, 1.11] | 2 studies · 65 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Rhodiola crenulata versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.78, 1.29] | 1 study · 125 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Comparison: outcome · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Ginkgo biloba versus acetazolamide: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 378 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Acetazolamide + ginkgo biloba versus ginkgo biloba: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.26, 0.71] | 1 study · 311 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Acetazolamide + ginkgo biloba versus acetazolamide: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.65, 2.46] | 1 study · 306 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Acetazolamide versus medroxyprogesterone: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.32, 3.1] | 1 study · 12 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Acetazolamide + medroxyprogesterone versus medroxyprogesterone: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.5, 3.55] | 1 study · 12 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Acetazolamide + medroxyprogesterone versus acetazolamide: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.5, 3.55] | 1 study · 12 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Normal versus simulated altitude conditions: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.82, 1.71] | 3 studies · 140 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) versus nothing: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | OR 3.67 [1.38, 9.76] | 1 study · 8 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.69, 13.12] | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Comparisons: outcome · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Antioxidants versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.32, 1.03] | 1 study · 18 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Ginkgo biloba versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 504 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Erythropoietin versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.2, 0.84] | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Medroxyprogesterone versus placebo: risk of AMS · participants at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non‐pharmacological… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.48, 1.05] | 2 studies · 32 participants | Low |
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control Mortality in hospital: death occurring during the hospital stay · critically‐ill adults Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1775 participants | Very low |
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control Mortality in ICU: death occurred during the ICU stay · critically‐ill adults Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1291 participants | Very low |
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control Mortality at 30 days: 28 to 30 days all‐cause mortality · critically‐ill adults Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 2611 participants | Very low |
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control Length of hospital stay: days stayed in the hospital · critically‐ill adults Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1677 participants | Very low |
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control Length of ICU stay: days stayed in the ICU · critically‐ill adults Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 2942 participants | Very low |
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control Infectious complications: events of any type of infectious complications occurred during the hospital stay, registered by the study authors according to their diagnostic criteria of infections. · critically‐ill adults Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 2804 participants | Very low |
Hypocaloric nutrition vs control Length of mechanical ventilation: days on mechanical ventilation during ICU stay · critically‐ill adults Prescribed hypocaloric nutrition support for critically‐ill adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 3000 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Outcomes and intervention · people suffering from high altitude illness Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · people suffering from high altitude illness Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Complete relief of AMS symptoms · people suffering from high altitude illness Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Reduction in symptom score severity at 12 hours (Clinical score: ranged from 0 to 11 (worse)) Intervention: Simulated descent of 193 millibars versus 20 millibars · people suffering from high altitude illness Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse effects during treatment Intervention: Hyperbaric chamber/ 160 millibars versus supplementary oxygen · people suffering from high altitude illness Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Low |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · people suffering from high altitude illness Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Complete relief of AMS symptoms (12 to 16 hours after treatment) Scale used: Acute Mountain Sickness score (ranged from 0 to 9 (worse)) · people suffering from high altitude illness Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 35 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Reduction in symptom score severity Time of measurement: 1 to 48 hours after treatment, end of treatment Scale of measurement: Self‐administered AMS questionnaires (ranged from 0 to 90 (worse)), AMS Symptom Questionnaire (ranged from 0 to 22 (wors... · people suffering from high altitude illness Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane | Mean Difference 1.15 | 2 studies · 25 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse effects Time of measurement: 1 to 48 hours after treatment, end of treatment Scale of measurement:not stated · people suffering from high altitude illness Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 25 participants | Low |
Protocol‐directed sedation management vs usual care Duration of mechanical ventilation (measured in hours for the entire duration of the first ICU stay for each patient) · mechanically ventilated ICU adults and children requiring sedation management Protocol‐directed sedation versus non‐protocol‐directed sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 3283 participants | Low |
Protocol‐directed sedation management vs usual care ICU mortality · mechanically ventilated ICU adults and children requiring sedation management Protocol‐directed sedation versus non‐protocol‐directed sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.39, 1.5] | 2 studies · 513 participants | Low |
Protocol‐directed sedation management vs usual care Hospital mortality · mechanically ventilated ICU adults and children requiring sedation management Protocol‐directed sedation versus non‐protocol‐directed sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.72, 1.13] | 3 studies · 3082 participants | Low |
Protocol‐directed sedation management vs usual care ICU length of stay (days) · mechanically ventilated ICU adults and children requiring sedation management Protocol‐directed sedation versus non‐protocol‐directed sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 3128 participants | Low |
Protocol‐directed sedation management vs usual care Hospital length of stay (days) · mechanically ventilated ICU adults and children requiring sedation management Protocol‐directed sedation versus non‐protocol‐directed sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 2927 participants | Moderate |
Protocol‐directed sedation management vs usual care Adverse event ‐ incidence of self‐extubation (in ICU) · mechanically ventilated ICU adults and children requiring sedation management Protocol‐directed sedation versus non‐protocol‐directed sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.55, 1.42] | 2 studies · 2761 participants | High |