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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of Findings Table ‐ The Lidcombe Program vs wait‐list control group Impact of interventions for stuttering on emotional, cognitive and psychosocial domains, or quality of life · children aged six years and younger who stutter Non‐pharmacological interventions for stuttering in children six years and younger (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ The Lidcombe Program vs wait‐list control group Adverse effects · children aged six years and younger who stutter Non‐pharmacological interventions for stuttering in children six years and younger (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Education interventions vs no intervention Cognitive and neurobehavioural outcomes · children (aged 0–2 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Environmental interventions vs no intervention Adverse events · children (aged 0–6 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Environmental interventions vs no intervention Blood lead levels (continuous)Blood lead level at end of duration Scale: 0–30 · children (aged 0–6 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 378 participants | Very low |
Combination interventions vs standard education Cognitive and neurobehavioural outcomes · children (aged 0–4 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Combination interventions vs standard education Adverse events · children (aged 0–4 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Combination interventions vs standard education Blood lead levels (continuous)Blood lead level at end of duration Scale: 0–30 · children (aged 0–4 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 426 participants | Very low |
Combination interventions vs standard education Household dust: floor dust lead levels · children (aged 0–4 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 336 participants | Very low |
Education interventions vs no intervention Adverse events · children (aged 0–2 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Education interventions vs no intervention Blood lead levels (continuous)Blood lead levels after intervention Scale: 0–30 · children (aged 0–2 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 815 participants | Moderate |
Education interventions vs no intervention Household dust: hard floor dust lead levels (continuous)Floor dust lead levels Scale: 0–40 · children (aged 0–2 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 318 participants | Moderate |
Environmental interventions vs no intervention Cognitive and neurobehavioural outcomes Scale Wechsler IQ: BRIEF: · children (aged 0–6 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 224 participants | Low |
Environmental interventions vs no intervention Adverse events · children (aged 0–6 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 355 participants | Very low |
Environmental interventions vs no intervention Blood lead levels (continuous)Blood lead level at end of duration Scale: 0–30 · children (aged 0–6 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 565 participants | Moderate |
Environmental interventions vs no intervention Household dust: floor dust lead levels · children (aged 0–6 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Environmental interventions vs no intervention Cognitive and neurobehavioural outcomes · children (aged 0–6 years) Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Phenytoin (antiepileptic) vs placebo Aggression Measured by: frequency of aggressive acts · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Desipramine (antidepressant) vs placebo Adverse events · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Nortriptyline (antidepressant) vs placebo Aggression · men with alcohol dependency Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Nortriptyline (antidepressant) vs placebo Reconviction · men with alcohol dependency Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Nortriptyline (antidepressant) vs placebo Global state/functioning Measured by: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (scores range from 0‐100, with higher scores indicating better functioning) and the General Severity Index (GSI) subscale of the Symptom Check List‐90 (GSI), which uses m... · men with alcohol dependency Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Nortriptyline (antidepressant) vs placebo Social functioning · men with alcohol dependency Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Nortriptyline (antidepressant) vs placebo Adverse events · men with alcohol dependency Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 participants | Ungraded |
Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist) vs placebo Aggression · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist) vs placebo Reconviction · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist) vs placebo Global state/functioning Measured by: General Severity Index (GSI) subscale of the Symptom Check List‐90 (GSI), which uses mean subscale scores (range from 0‐4, with higher scores indicating greater severity of symptoms) · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist) vs placebo Social functioning · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Phenytoin (antiepileptic) vs placebo Reconviction · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist) vs placebo Adverse events Measured by: self‐reported medication side effects · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Amantadine (dopamine agonist) vs placebo Aggression · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amantadine (dopamine agonist) vs placebo Reconviction · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amantadine (dopamine agonist) vs placebo Global state/functioning · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amantadine (dopamine agonist) vs placebo Social functioning · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amantadine (dopamine agonist) vs placebo Adverse events · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Phenytoin (antiepileptic) vs placebo Global state/functioning · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Phenytoin (antiepileptic) vs placebo Social functioning · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Phenytoin (antiepileptic) vs placebo Adverse events Measured by: number of participants reporting nausea during week 1 · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.06, 16.76] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Desipramine (antidepressant) vs placebo Aggression · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Desipramine (antidepressant) vs placebo Reconviction · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Desipramine (antidepressant) vs placebo Global state/functioning · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Desipramine (antidepressant) vs placebo Social functioning Measured by: the Family‐Social domain of ASI (scores range from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating worse social functioning) · adults with antisocial personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Cognitive behaviour therapy + treatment‐as‐usual vs treatment‐as‐usual alone Aggression (any act of physical aggression) Assessed by: number reporting any act of physical aggression · adults with antisocial personality disorder Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.92 [0.28, 3.07] | 1 study · 52 participants | Low |
Impulsive lifestyle counselling + treatment‐as‐usual vs treatment‐as‐usual alone Adverse events: death Assessed by: number of participant deaths between a 3‐ and 9‐month · adults with antisocial personality disorder Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.4 [0.04, 4.54] | 1 study · 142 participants | Very low |
Impulsive lifestyle counselling + treatment‐as‐usual vs treatment‐as‐usual alone Adverse events:incarceration Assessed by: incarceration between a 3‐ and 9‐month · adults with antisocial personality disorder Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.7 [0.27, 1.86] | 1 study · 142 participants | Very low |
Contingency management + standard maintenance vs standard maintenance alone Aggression · adults with antisocial personality disorder Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Contingency management + standard maintenance vs standard maintenance alone Reconviction · adults with antisocial personality disorder Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Contingency management + standard maintenance vs standard maintenance alone Global state/functioning · adults with antisocial personality disorder Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Contingency management + standard maintenance vs standard maintenance alone Social functioning Assessed by: adjusted composite scores on the Family/Social domain of the Addiction Severity Index (composite scores range from no problems (0) to severe problems (1); higher score = worse outcome) Timing of assessment: 6 months · adults with antisocial personality disorder Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 83 participants | Low |
Contingency management + standard maintenance vs standard maintenance alone Adverse events · adults with antisocial personality disorder Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |